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126 - Sound Development > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Definition: Phonology

A

Study of how sounds are put together to form words

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2
Q

Definition: Phonetics

A

Study of speech sounds, production, acoustic properties, and the written symbols that represent them

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3
Q

Historical Phonetics:

A

Study of how sounds change over time (new sounds emerging, old sounds disappearing)

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4
Q

Experimental Phonetics

A

Analyzes physiological movements and acoustic properties with the help of lab instruments

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5
Q

Articulatory Phonetics

A

how a speaker of a language produces speech sounds (anatomical structures are studied)

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6
Q

Acoustic Phonetics

A

The properties of sound waves as they travel from the vocal tract to the ear. related to physics of sound

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7
Q

Perceptual phonetics

A

perception of sounds by the listener / sound awareness and sound interpretaion

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8
Q

Clinical Phonetics

A

practical application of the knowledge derived from all the other types of phonetics

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9
Q

What is a phone?

A

Any sound produced by the vocal tract

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10
Q

What is a phoneme?

A

The minimal sound element

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11
Q

Minimal pairs

A

similar morphemes except for one phoneme

ex: cat vs hat, par vs car vs tar vs bar

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12
Q

What is an allophone?

A
  • A variation of a phoneme (aspirated or not) that is phonetically similar to the phoneme
  • Cannot be different enough that the word meaning is changed
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13
Q

What constitutes “place”

A

lips, tongue, teeth, palate, velum, alveolar, glottal

bilabials, labiodentals, linguadentals, alveolars, palatals, velars, glottals

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14
Q

What is meant by “manner?”

A

How the phoneme is produced:

stops, fricatives, affricates, nasals, glides, liquids

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15
Q

What is meant by Distinctive Features?

A

Consonants fall into 16 characteristics that more discretely identify that particular phoneme. DFs lead us to better develop phonological processes or patterns of phonemes

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16
Q

Continuant

A

a consonant that isn’t stopped

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17
Q

obstruent

A

a consonant that is obstructed

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18
Q

strident

A

those that hiss

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19
Q

How are vowels distinguished?

A

Tongue position, lip rounding, tense vs lax, sonorant, vocalic, voiced

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20
Q

Phonological Parameters

A
  1. Sound inventory of a language
  2. allowable combination of these sounds (Phonotactics)
  3. Acceptable allophonic variations: use of diacritical markers
  4. Morphonphonemic alterations: the alterations made to free morphemes
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21
Q

Diacritical markers of import

A 
Aspiration/released: (
Breathy: ..
Shortened: >
Lenthened:  .
Nasalized: ~
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22
Q

symbols used for error reporting

A
  • Omissions: -
  • Substitution: use a slash / ; t/k means a /t/ was made when a /k/ should have been
  • Distortions and additions: transcribe when possible
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23
Q

Definition of Phonological Process

A
  • patterned modifications of the adult model by normally developing children
  • used to describe patterns of errors in children with a phonological disorder
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24
Q

Why do PPs happen?

A

articulations, phonological awareness issues, hearing issues, cognitive issues, overall delayed development, syndromes and physical impairments, second language

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25
Q

4 Categories of PP

A
  1. Syllable structure: phonemes and/or syllables are added or removed
  2. Reduction: phonemes are removed
  3. Substitution: phonemes are changed, cross phonemic boundaries
  4. Assimilation: one phoneme changes to become more like another - also crosses phonemic border
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26
Q

Clinical Phonology

A

• The system of rules underlying the sound productions and sound combinations

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27
Q

Which phonemes are Stops?

A

p, b, t, d, k, g, glottal

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28
Q

Which phonemes are fricatives

A

f, v, th (voiced and voiceless), s, z, shhh, zhhh, h

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29
Q

Which phonemes are affricates?

A

ch, j

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30
Q

Which phonemes are nasals?

A

m, n, ng

31
Q

Which phonemes are liquids

A

l (lateral) and r (rhotic)

32
Q

Which phonemes are glides?

A

w, j

33
Q

Which phonemes are bilabials?

A

p, b, m, w

34
Q

Which phonemes are labiodentals?

A

f, v

35
Q

Which phonemes are linguadentals?

A

th (both voiced and unvoiced)

36
Q

Which phonemes are lingua-alveolar?

A

t, d, s, z, n, l

37
Q

Which phonemes are lingua-palatal?

A

shh, zhhh, ch, “j”, r “yuh”

38
Q

Which phonemes are lingua-velar?

A

k, g, ng, w

39
Q

Which phonemes are glottals?

A

glottal stop, h

40
Q

DFS of Anterior and Back consonants

A

Anterior: Front of the mouth
Back: Back of the mouth

40
Q

DFS: continuants and obstruents

A

Constiuent: a consonant that isn’t stopped
Obstruent: consonant that is obstructed

41
Q

Weak or unstressed syllable deletion

A
  • Syllable Structure

* Weak or unstressed syllable gets dropped from a multisyllabic word

42
Q

Reduplication

A
  • Syllable Structure
  • total or partial repetition of a syllable.
  • Total = entire syllable is repeated
  • Partial = only part of the syllable is repeated
43
Q

Diminutization

A
  • Syllable Structure

* Addition of /i/ or sometimes Consonant + /i/

44
Q

Epenthesis

A
  • Syllable Structure
  • Insertion of unstressed vowel, usually schwa, between two consonant
  • also when unstressed vowel is added after a final voiced stop
45
Q

Metathesis

A
  • Syllable Structure

* Reorder the sequence of consonants and vowels within a syllable

46
Q

Final Consonant Deletion (FCD)

A
  • Reduction
  • Deletion of a final singleton consonant in a word as well as a deletion of a final consonant cluster (has to be entire cluster for FCD)
47
Q

Initial consonant deletion

A
  • Reduction
  • Initial singleton consonant is deleted
  • This is rare in normal development
48
Q

Cluster Reduction or substitution

A
  • Reduction
  • Deletion or substitution of some or all members of a cluster; replacement of a cluster with an easier consonant (eg frog becomes pog)
49
Q

Velar Fronting

A

• Substitution
• velar sound becomes anterior sound (usually alveolar stop)
/k/ –> /t/
/g/ –> /d/

50
Q

Palatal Fronting

A

• Substitution
• palatal sound becomes an alveolar stop
/shh/ —> /t/ Ship —> tip
/zhh/ —> /d/ pleasure —> pleadure

51
Q

Stopping

A 
• Substitution
• Fricatives and affricates become stops 
/v/ ---> /b/ very --> berry
"shh" ---> /t/ --> ship --> tip
"ch" --> /p/  --> chip --> pip
52
Q

Backing

A
  • Substitution

* anterior sound is replaced with posterior sound

53
Q

Gliding

A 
• Substitution
• Glide becomes prevocalic liquid 
/r/ and /l/ become /w/ and /j/
red --> wed
loud --> youd
54
Q

Glottal replacement

A

• Substitution
• consonants are replaced with glottal stops
kitten –> kit?n

55
Q

Affrication

A
  • Substitution
  • Fricative becomes and affricate
  • /s/ –> “ch” –> sick –> chick
  • “th” –> “j” –> this –> jis
56
Q

Deaffrication

A
  • Substitution
  • Affricate becomes a fricative or a stop
  • “ch” –> /t/ –> cherry –> terry or –> serry
57
Q

Denasalization

A
  • Substitution
  • nasal becomes non-nasal
  • /m/ –> /d/ –> “ham” —> “had”
58
Q

Vocalization

A
  • Substitution
  • vowel or dipthong replacing “er”
  • “Bird” becomes “buhd”, “butter” becomes “buttuh”
59
Q

Prevocalic Voicing

A
  • Substitution
  • Consonant before the vowel changes from unvoiced to voiced
  • /t/ –> /d/ –> “tame” –> “dame”, “sun” –> “zun”
60
Q

Devoicing

A
  • Substitution
  • Voiced consonant becomes voiceless
  • /g/ –> /k/, “bug” —> “buk”
61
Q

Progressive assimilation

A
  • sound change follows influenced sound

* “coat” becomes “toat” (/t/ influences /k/ to become /t/)

62
Q

Regressive assimilation

A
  • sound change precedes influenced sound

* “cute” becomes “cuke” (/k/ influences the /t/ to become /k/)

63
Q

Velar Assimilation

A
  • non-velar to velar
  • Progressive: “cat” to “cak” (/t/ –> /k/ due to velar /k/)
  • Regressive: “dog” to “gog” (/d/ –> /g/ due to velar /g/)
64
Q

Nasal Assimilation

A
  • Non-nasal to nasal
  • Progressive: “mop” becomes “mom” (/p/ becomes /m/)
  • Regressive: “ton” becomes “none” (/t/ becomes /n/)
65
Q

Labial Assimilation

A
  • non labial becomes labial
  • Progressive: “back” to “bab” (/k/ to /b/)
  • Regressive: “lobe” to “pobe” (/l/ to /p/)
66
Q

Alveolar Assimilation

A
  • Non alveolar to alveolar
  • Progressive: “tack” to “tat” (/k/ to /t/)
  • Regressive: “sag” to “tag” (/s/ to /t/)
67
Q

Articulation vs Phonology

A
  • Artic: point of juncture of two or more structures; refers to the physical movements and placement of the articulators; acoustic and physical aspects of speech
  • Phon: broader and more abstract; system of rules underlying sound production and sound combinations; how sounds are used to convey meaning
68
Q

Artic disorder vs phono disorder

A
  • artic: sound productions resulting in nonstandard speech sounds; mild distortion of /r/ is an artic error if it doesn’t change the meaning of the word; applied to mild or moderate sound distortions
  • phonological: change the meaning of the word; “fun” becomes “gun”; phonemic contrast is lost and the meaning is affected; sound production errors that result in the collapse of phonemic contrasts and affect meaning
69
Q

Articulation disorders are used in reference to sound production errors:

A

associated with organic, structural, or neurological origin; limited to a few sounds; without identifiable pattern

70
Q

Speech as dynamic process

A

connected speech sounds are not made in isolation; they vary according the the other sounds around them.

71
Q

Coarticulation

A

Sounds influence each other when put together; they are affected by immediate neighboring sounds

Ex: first street

72
Q

Phonetic adaptation

A

Artic movement variations and changes in the configuration of the vocal tract; sounds the precede or follow a phoneme change it.

ex: tin and took (back vowel, retract tongue on /t/)

73
Q

Assimilation

A

Extensive modification that has a noticeable difference. Perceptual change is detected

ex: computer to pomputer

126 - Sound Development (3 decks)

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