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126 - Sound Development > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition: Phonology

A

Study of how sounds are put together to form words

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2
Q

Definition: Phonetics

A

Study of speech sounds, production, acoustic properties, and the written symbols that represent them

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3
Q

Historical Phonetics:

A

Study of how sounds change over time (new sounds emerging, old sounds disappearing)

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4
Q

Experimental Phonetics

A

Analyzes physiological movements and acoustic properties with the help of lab instruments

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5
Q

Articulatory Phonetics

A

how a speaker of a language produces speech sounds (anatomical structures are studied)

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6
Q

Acoustic Phonetics

A

The properties of sound waves as they travel from the vocal tract to the ear. related to physics of sound

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7
Q

Perceptual phonetics

A

perception of sounds by the listener / sound awareness and sound interpretaion

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8
Q

Clinical Phonetics

A

practical application of the knowledge derived from all the other types of phonetics

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9
Q

What is a phone?

A

Any sound produced by the vocal tract

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10
Q

What is a phoneme?

A

The minimal sound element

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11
Q

Minimal pairs

A

similar morphemes except for one phoneme

ex: cat vs hat, par vs car vs tar vs bar

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12
Q

What is an allophone?

A
  • A variation of a phoneme (aspirated or not) that is phonetically similar to the phoneme
  • Cannot be different enough that the word meaning is changed
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13
Q

What constitutes “place”

A

lips, tongue, teeth, palate, velum, alveolar, glottal

bilabials, labiodentals, linguadentals, alveolars, palatals, velars, glottals

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14
Q

What is meant by “manner?”

A

How the phoneme is produced:

stops, fricatives, affricates, nasals, glides, liquids

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15
Q

What is meant by Distinctive Features?

A

Consonants fall into 16 characteristics that more discretely identify that particular phoneme. DFs lead us to better develop phonological processes or patterns of phonemes

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16
Q

Continuant

A

a consonant that isn’t stopped

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17
Q

obstruent

A

a consonant that is obstructed

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18
Q

strident

A

those that hiss

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19
Q

How are vowels distinguished?

A

Tongue position, lip rounding, tense vs lax, sonorant, vocalic, voiced

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20
Q

Phonological Parameters

A
  1. Sound inventory of a language
  2. allowable combination of these sounds (Phonotactics)
  3. Acceptable allophonic variations: use of diacritical markers
  4. Morphonphonemic alterations: the alterations made to free morphemes
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21
Q

Diacritical markers of import

A 
Aspiration/released: (
Breathy: ..
Shortened: >
Lenthened:  .
Nasalized: ~
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22
Q

symbols used for error reporting

A
  • Omissions: -
  • Substitution: use a slash / ; t/k means a /t/ was made when a /k/ should have been
  • Distortions and additions: transcribe when possible
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23
Q

Definition of Phonological Process

A
  • patterned modifications of the adult model by normally developing children
  • used to describe patterns of errors in children with a phonological disorder
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24
Q

Why do PPs happen?

A

articulations, phonological awareness issues, hearing issues, cognitive issues, overall delayed development, syndromes and physical impairments, second language

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25
4 Categories of PP
1. Syllable structure: phonemes and/or syllables are added or removed 2. Reduction: phonemes are removed 3. Substitution: phonemes are changed, cross phonemic boundaries 4. Assimilation: one phoneme changes to become more like another - also crosses phonemic border
26
Clinical Phonology
• The system of rules underlying the sound productions and sound combinations
27
Which phonemes are Stops?
p, b, t, d, k, g, glottal
28
Which phonemes are fricatives
f, v, th (voiced and voiceless), s, z, shhh, zhhh, h
29
Which phonemes are affricates?
ch, j
30
Which phonemes are nasals?
m, n, ng
31
Which phonemes are liquids
l (lateral) and r (rhotic)
32
Which phonemes are glides?
w, j
33
Which phonemes are bilabials?
p, b, m, w
34
Which phonemes are labiodentals?
f, v
35
Which phonemes are linguadentals?
th (both voiced and unvoiced)
36
Which phonemes are lingua-alveolar?
t, d, s, z, n, l
37
Which phonemes are lingua-palatal?
shh, zhhh, ch, "j", r "yuh"
38
Which phonemes are lingua-velar?
k, g, ng, w
39
Which phonemes are glottals?
glottal stop, h
40
DFS of Anterior and Back consonants
Anterior: Front of the mouth Back: Back of the mouth
40
DFS: continuants and obstruents
Constiuent: a consonant that isn't stopped Obstruent: consonant that is obstructed
41
Weak or unstressed syllable deletion
* Syllable Structure | * Weak or unstressed syllable gets dropped from a multisyllabic word
42
Reduplication
* Syllable Structure * total or partial repetition of a syllable. * Total = entire syllable is repeated * Partial = only part of the syllable is repeated
43
Diminutization
* Syllable Structure | * Addition of /i/ or sometimes Consonant + /i/
44
Epenthesis
* Syllable Structure * Insertion of unstressed vowel, usually schwa, between two consonant * also when unstressed vowel is added after a final voiced stop
45
Metathesis
* Syllable Structure | * Reorder the sequence of consonants and vowels within a syllable
46
Final Consonant Deletion (FCD)
* Reduction * Deletion of a final singleton consonant in a word as well as a deletion of a final consonant cluster (has to be entire cluster for FCD)
47
Initial consonant deletion
* Reduction * Initial singleton consonant is deleted * This is rare in normal development
48
Cluster Reduction or substitution
* Reduction * Deletion or substitution of some or all members of a cluster; replacement of a cluster with an easier consonant (eg frog becomes pog)
49
Velar Fronting
• Substitution • velar sound becomes anterior sound (usually alveolar stop) /k/ --> /t/ /g/ --> /d/
50
Palatal Fronting
• Substitution • palatal sound becomes an alveolar stop /shh/ ---> /t/ Ship ---> tip /zhh/ ---> /d/ pleasure ---> pleadure
51
Stopping
``` • Substitution • Fricatives and affricates become stops /v/ ---> /b/ very --> berry "shh" ---> /t/ --> ship --> tip "ch" --> /p/ --> chip --> pip ```
52
Backing
* Substitution | * anterior sound is replaced with posterior sound
53
Gliding
``` • Substitution • Glide becomes prevocalic liquid /r/ and /l/ become /w/ and /j/ red --> wed loud --> youd ```
54
Glottal replacement
• Substitution • consonants are replaced with glottal stops kitten --> kit?n
55
Affrication
* Substitution * Fricative becomes and affricate * /s/ --> "ch" --> sick --> chick * "th" --> "j" --> this --> jis
56
Deaffrication
* Substitution * Affricate becomes a fricative or a stop * "ch" --> /t/ --> cherry --> terry or --> serry
57
Denasalization
* Substitution * nasal becomes non-nasal * /m/ --> /d/ --> "ham" ---> "had"
58
Vocalization
* Substitution * vowel or dipthong replacing "er" * "Bird" becomes "buhd", "butter" becomes "buttuh"
59
Prevocalic Voicing
* Substitution * Consonant before the vowel changes from unvoiced to voiced * /t/ --> /d/ --> "tame" --> "dame", "sun" --> "zun"
60
Devoicing
* Substitution * Voiced consonant becomes voiceless * /g/ --> /k/, "bug" ---> "buk"
61
Progressive assimilation
* sound change follows influenced sound | * "coat" becomes "toat" (/t/ influences /k/ to become /t/)
62
Regressive assimilation
* sound change precedes influenced sound | * "cute" becomes "cuke" (/k/ influences the /t/ to become /k/)
63
Velar Assimilation
* non-velar to velar * Progressive: "cat" to "cak" (/t/ --> /k/ due to velar /k/) * Regressive: "dog" to "gog" (/d/ --> /g/ due to velar /g/)
64
Nasal Assimilation
* Non-nasal to nasal * Progressive: "mop" becomes "mom" (/p/ becomes /m/) * Regressive: "ton" becomes "none" (/t/ becomes /n/)
65
Labial Assimilation
* non labial becomes labial * Progressive: "back" to "bab" (/k/ to /b/) * Regressive: "lobe" to "pobe" (/l/ to /p/)
66
Alveolar Assimilation
* Non alveolar to alveolar * Progressive: "tack" to "tat" (/k/ to /t/) * Regressive: "sag" to "tag" (/s/ to /t/)
67
Articulation vs Phonology
* Artic: point of juncture of two or more structures; refers to the physical movements and placement of the articulators; acoustic and physical aspects of speech * Phon: broader and more abstract; system of rules underlying sound production and sound combinations; how sounds are used to convey meaning
68
Artic disorder vs phono disorder
* artic: sound productions resulting in nonstandard speech sounds; mild distortion of /r/ is an artic error if it doesn't change the meaning of the word; applied to mild or moderate sound distortions * phonological: change the meaning of the word; "fun" becomes "gun"; phonemic contrast is lost and the meaning is affected; sound production errors that result in the collapse of phonemic contrasts and affect meaning
69
Articulation disorders are used in reference to sound production errors:
associated with organic, structural, or neurological origin; limited to a few sounds; without identifiable pattern
70
Speech as dynamic process
connected speech sounds are not made in isolation; they vary according the the other sounds around them.
71
Coarticulation
Sounds influence each other when put together; they are affected by immediate neighboring sounds Ex: first street
72
Phonetic adaptation
Artic movement variations and changes in the configuration of the vocal tract; sounds the precede or follow a phoneme change it. ex: tin and took (back vowel, retract tongue on /t/)
73
Assimilation
Extensive modification that has a noticeable difference. Perceptual change is detected ex: computer to pomputer

126 - Sound Development (3 decks)

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