test 2 Flashcards
(109 cards)
1
Q
Conducting Zone
A
DOES NOT SERVE FOR GAS EXCHANGE air passageway, adjustment to body temp, humidification, trappng and filtering
2
Q
What organs does the Conducting Zone
A
tracea, bronchu, bronchi, bronchioles
3
Q
Respiratory Zone
A
site of gas exchange, largest portion of the lung.
4
Q
What organs involved with the Respiratory zone
A
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs
5
Q
Lung volumes and capacity varies with..
A
age, gender, body size (especially height) and composition
6
Q
What is used to asses Static lung volume
A
spirometry and pneumoscan
7
Q
RLV
A
residual lung volume. represents the air volume remaining in the lungs after exhaling as deeply as possible
8
Q
techniques for testing of RLV
A
helium dilution and oxygen dilution
9
Q
FVC
A
Forced Vital capacity. from full inspiration to maximum expiration
10
Q
RLV + FVC =
A
TLC Total lung capacity
11
Q
Dynamic Ventilation depends on…
A
maximum “stroke volume” of the lung and speed of airflow
12
Q
which is more important: ability to sustain high air flow levels or the air movement in a signle breath
A
high air flow levels
13
Q
FEV
A
forced expiratory volume
14
Q
FEV/FVC =
A
pulmonary expiration power
15
Q
MVV test
A
mac voluntary ventilation. Test of someones breathing capacity. Values are 35-40 times a persons FEV and 25% high than seen during maximal exercise
16
Q
What tests would you use to test someones breathing capacity?
A
MVV and FEV/FVC
17
Q
True or false. Exercise generally doesnt maximally stress a healthy persons ability to breath
A
TRUE
18
Q
muscles used for inspiration:
A
diaphragm, external intercostal
19
Q
muscles used for expiration
A
internal intercostal, abdominal muscles
20
Q
energy cost of breathing
A
3-5% for small exercise 10-15% with high breathing volumes
21
Q
VE
A
Minute ventilation amount per min, around 6L
22
Q
VA
A
alveolar ventilation, portion of air that actual is used for gas exchange
23
Q
anatomical dead space
A
air in conducting zone
24
Q
physiological dead space
A
dead space inadequately perfused or ventilated alveoli
25
higher VE volumes during exercise are achieved by...
increasing and blending both the TV depth and rate of breathing
26
with intense exercise, TV only rarely exceeds what % of FVC
60%
27
TRUE or FALSE ventilatory adjustments does not have a definite influence on how much air makes it to the lungs
FALSE. it can have a definite influence
28
how should you breath during exercise
normals
29
charles law
volume of a gas varies directly w/ temperature
30
boyles law
the volume of gas varies inversely with presure
31
water vapor
volume of a gas varies depending on its water vapor content (at 37 degree) body temp water vapor has a partial pressure of 47 mmHG
32
Diffusion
random movement of molecule from an area of high to low
33
Fixed law
diffusion for gas is greater when the surface is large and the driving pressure is high
34
thickness increases or decreases diffusion
decreases
35
Concept of partial pressure
total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the pressures that each gas exerts independently
36
movement of gas in air and fluids
amount of gas dissolved in a fluid is determined by the pressure gradient and solubility of that gas
37
for each unit of pressure favoring diffusion ___ more CO2 than O2 moves into or from a fluid
25 times more
38
true or false: oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse slower as their pressure gradients widen during exercise
false they diffuse faster
39
factors that can effect gas exchange
1. time required to complete,
2. length of the diffusion path
3. the surface area availiable for diffusion
4. the # of RBCs and their Hb conc.
40
capillary transit time at rest and during exercise
.75 at rest and .4s during exercise
41
membrane fibrosis, pulmonary edema can impair what
length of diffusion
42
2 diff mechanisms of O2 transport in the blood
1. O2 is dissolved in the fluid portion of blood
| 2. Combined with hemoglobin and red blood cells
43
red blood cells
25 trillion in body, contains 280 mill hemo molecules. serves to transport O2 and CO2
44
Cooperative binding
the binding of a an O2 molecule to the iron in the globin chains facilitates the binding of subsequent O2 molecules
45
oxygen capacity of hemoglobin varies with what? and values
gender
| men 15g/100ml women 14g/100ml
46
%Sat. O2
O2 combined with hemoglobin/ O2 capacity of hemoglobin x 100
47
when pH is raised... saturation is...
increased
48
increase of temp shows a right downward shift which means...
have a more complete unloading
49
mechanisms of CO2
1. CO2 is dissolved in the fluid of blood
2. combined with hemoglobin and red blood cells makes up 20% of body CO2
3. the bicarbonate mechanism is responisible for transporting 60-80%
50
what percent of people suffer from exercise induced asthma
10-15%
51
how to you test for exercise induced bronchospasm
a 10-15% reduction in preexercise FEV1.0/FVC
52
what are compnents of the cardiovascular system
heart (pump
| Vasculature (plumbing) arterial system, capillaries, venous system
53
how many gallons of blood are pumped per day
1500-2000 per day at 72bpm
54
what is the transmission pathway
SA node -> Atria. -> AV node -> AV Bundle -> Purkinje Fibers -> ventricles
55
what wave is Atrial Depolarization
P-wave
56
what phase is Ventricular depolarization
QRS
57
what phase is ventricular REpolarization
T-Wave
58
instrinsic regulation
automatically adjusts itself in response to a change in the environment , controlled by its self
59
extrinsic regulation
Extrinsic regulation involves the nervous and/or endocrine system detecting a change and sending a signal or releasing a chemical to facilitate change in another organ system, organ, or cell.
60
what does the parasympathetic nervous system release into the heart
acetlycholine, it lowers heart rate
61
what does the sympathetic system release into the heat
epinephrin to speed it up
62
ECG
electro cardio gram, helps dectect abnormailities in heat function
63
What abnormalities can a ECG detect
ST- Depression (not enough oxygen)
| premature centricular contraction
64
arteries
high pressure distribution circuit
65
arterioles
resistance vessels that branch out from an artery
66
capilaries
exchange vessels
67
systolic blood pressure
the amount of pressure that blood exerts on arteries while the heart is beating
68
diastolic blood pressure
the presure that is exerted on the walls of arteries around the body when the heart is relaxed
69
MAP
the average pressure within an artery over a complete cycle of one heart beat
DBP + 1/3(SBP-DBP)
70
RPP
Rate pressure product- heart rate multiplied by the systolic blood pressure
71
cardiac output
amount of blood pumped by the heart each min
= SV x HR
cardiac output = Q
72
stroke volume increases are due to
greater diastolic filling, greater systolic emptying
73
What percent of CO2 Max does Stroke volume level off at
40-60%
74
cardiovascular drift
heart rate goes up, stroke volume goes down but the cardiac output stays the same
75
Measurements of cardiac output
noninvasive= CO2 rebreathing
bioelectrical impedance
Invasive= direct fick method
indicator dilution
76
There is a close association between Q max (cardiac output) and...
VO2 max
77
Flow=
Pressure gradient (P1-P2)/ Resistance
78
Resistance=
Length x Viscosity/ Vessel Radius^4
79
poiseuilles law of flow
pressure gradient x vessel redius^4/ vessel length x viscosity
80
what are the most important means for regulating regional blood flow
constriction/ dilation
81
does upper body or lower body create a bigger strain, thus higher BP
upper body
82
which exercise raises diastolic blood pressure. aerobic exercise or anaerobic exercise
anaerobic exercise
83
difference in heart between wrestlers and runners
runner have larger stroke volume'
| wrestlers have larger heart muscles
84
concentric contraction
shortining of the muscle fibers, bicep curl
85
eccentric contraction
lengthening of muscle fiber, lowering a weighth
86
isometric contraction
muscle contraction where the muslce doesnt change lengths
87
isokinetic contractio
occurs when the muscle contracts and shortens at the same speed throughout the whole range of motion
88
fusiform
contracts more rapidly but less powerfull
89
pennate
cotracts slower but more powerful
90
where are 45-55% of slow twitch fibers located
in arms and legs
91
cerebellum
motor control center
92
spinal cord
communicatrion highway
93
spatial summation
simultaneous stimulation of different presynaptic terminals of the same neuron
94
temporal summation
refers to repeated sbthreshold stimulation
95
inhibition of nerve transmission...
serves protective functions and reduced the input of unwanted stimuli
96
there is no release of inhibitory neurotramitters where?
the motor endplate
97
a motor unit consists of:
an alpha anterior motor neuron and the specific muscle fibers it innervates
98
type 1
slow twitch, red, slow oxidative
99
type IIA
fast twitch, can use aerobic and anaerobic
100
type IIB
fast twitch, fastest, also die quickest, only use anaerobic
101
neural facilitation
important for top level exercise performance, make you able to go longer
102
proprioceptors
specialized sensory receptors that are sensitive to stretch, tension, or pressure. serve to provide important sensory feedback for postural control and the regulation of movements during exercise. quickly communicate. vary in their unique functions
103
muscle spindle
lie parallel to extrafusal fibers, respond to stretch, initiate a stronger muscle action to reduce stretch
104
main components of the stretch reflex
1. the muscle spindle that responds to stretch
2. an afferent neuron that carries sensory impulse from the spindle to the spinal cord
3. an efferent spinal cord motor neuron that activates the stretched muscle fibers
105
golgi tendon organ
lie in series to extrafusal fibers, evoke a reflex inhibiton, serves as a protect from potential injury due to excessive load
detect changes in tension
106
fatigue
a reduction in muscle force capacity
107
neuromuscular fatigue
highly complex and not fully understood
108
acute muscle soreness
immediately after exercise and short lived
109
Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness
occurs 24-48 hours after exercise and can last several days
