Test #2

Question 1

Describe the category of Discard with the deposition stage.

Answer 1

Artifacts that are no longer useful and are placed into the AC.

Question 2

The goal of excavation is to intercept and isolate _________ and ________ _________.

Answer 2

floors and occupational surfaces

Question 3

What is disturbance in the deposition stage?

Answer 3

The changing or altering of an archaeological context by the effect(s) of an unrelated activity at a later time. Examples include dam building, farming, and heavy construction, as well as noncultural activities such as freeze-thaw cycles, landslides, and simple erosion. Disturbance is also the nonscientific removal of an artifact from its archaeological context.

ex: agriculture and plowing

Question 4

What is washing material to find artifacts?

Answer 4

Wet screen

Question 5

A ________ is the starting point on a grid.

Answer 5

Datum

Dr. Widmer likes to start away from the origin (0,0) to handle data errors and other stuff like that.

Question 6

Define Heavy floatation

Answer 6

soil that sinks to the bottom of the water. A 1 mm mesh is used to strain out artifacts.

Question 7

Define the Cache category of deposition.

Answer 7

Useful artifacts are placed into the AC.

ex: time capsule, offerings

Question 8

What is Magnetometry within remote sensing?

Answer 8

Use of a large-scale metal detector. Can be used on land or water.

Question 9

What is midden?

Answer 9

area of Secondary Refuse

Question 10

What does it mean when an artifact is in the Archeological Context?

Answer 10

The artifact is no longer associated with ongoing behavior.

“forgotten about”

Question 11

Fill does not have ______________.

Answer 11

multiple levels

Question 12

A _____ is when there is a change in color, smell, sound, or presents artifacts occurs within a zone.

Answer 12

Layer

Question 13

What are isotopes?

Answer 13

atoms that are varied in atomic weight. Usually used for bones

Question 14

What is Sub Surface Sampling?

Answer 14

Small excavations that are dug into the ground to find artifacts. ex: Post hole excavations

Question 15

_______ are inside structures.

Answer 15

Rooms

Question 16

Which deposit type is least important?

Answer 16

Fill

Question 17

What is Sonar within remote sensing?

Answer 17

Sound waves that are bounced off bottom water to look for shipwrecks and sunken artifacts.

Question 18

What are phytoliths?

Answer 18

plant skeleton parts

Question 19

What is the Secondary Use category of the Reuse stage?

Answer 19

The artifact is the same but the function changes.

ex: tire swing

Question 20

What is Lidar within remote sensing?

Answer 20

Light pulses

Question 21

What does it mean when an artifact is in situ?

Answer 21

The artifact is in its original location and has never been moved since it was put into the archeological context.

Can be used with point provenience.

Question 22

Describe Reclamation with the deposition stage.

Answer 22

Artifacts are removed from the AC and put back into the systemic context. Deals with deposition but not a part of the deposition.

ex: lab / museum

Question 23

Define the systemic context of manufacture and give examples?

Answer 23

Artifacts created from _new_ material

The second stage of behavioral processes, in which raw materials are modified to produce artifacts

ex: creating hides for clothing

Question 24

Define the systemic context of deposition and give examples

Answer 24

The placing artifacts into the archeological context.

The process by which artifacts enter the archeological context.

“forgot about” or “lost”

ex: Burial, Garbage Dump

Question 25

Define the **Loss** category of Deposition.

Answer 25

Useful artifacts are unintentionally placed in the AC.

Question 26

What is the process of **removing sediments from artifacts** known as?

Answer 26

Excavation

Question 27

What is **stratification**?

Answer 27

The layering of natural sediments at a site.

Question 28

What is a **provenience lot?**

Answer 28

A defined spatial area, in either two dimensions (for surface data) or three dimensions (for excavated data), used as a minimal unit for provenience determination and recording.

Question 29

Define the systemic context of **procurement** and give examples?

Answer 29

obtaining the raw materials for the artifact ex: collecting of plant foods

Question 30

Name 5 **Deposit Types**.

Answer 30

1. Burial 2. Feature 3. Collapse 4. Fill 5. In situ soil

Question 31

What is Ground Penetrating Radar within remote sensing?

Answer 31

Uses radio waves to penetrate the ground and bounce back to form images

Question 32

What is the Vertical Datum?

Answer 32

An imaginary number for elevation that is used as a reference. does not have to be correct. Keeps the elevation in sync within the grid.

Question 33

Each layer that has artifacts is called a \_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 33

lot

Question 34

What is the most important info in an archeologist's journal?

Answer 34

The reference point for the grid?

Question 35

What is the **purpose of stratigraphy**?

Answer 35

To find deposit types

Question 36

What is **bulk provenience**?

Answer 36

General provenience, **general spatial location** of artifacts

Question 37

Which feature does an archeologist look for first: walls or floors?

Answer 37

Walls

Question 38

What are the 5 stages of the **systemic context** (life history of an artifact)?

Answer 38

1. Procurement 2. Manufacture 3. Use 4. Reuse/Maintenance 5. Desposition

Question 39

What is **Electrical Resistivity** within remote sensing?

Answer 39

Checking the **density** of the ground

Question 40

What is **de facto refuse**?

Answer 40

Artifacts left behind when a settlement or activity area is abandoned​

Question 41

A _____ is a vertical wall, section, or face of an excavation pit that exposes the lateral relationships, archaeological features, structures, stratigraphy -- and their relationships. By extension, a profile is a record or graphic representation of these, including color, soil type, features, and content. Soil profiles consist of a number of layers, or horizons, which result from soil-forming processes.

Answer 41

profile

Question 42

What is **Abandonment** within the **deposition** stage?

Answer 42

Useful artifacts are left in the AC when the owners leave the site/dwelling. ex: de facto refuse, Ghost town

Question 43

What is any recognizable layer the can be both stratigraphy and/or stratification called?

Answer 43

Zone

Question 44

Define the systemic context of **reuse** and give examples

Answer 44

Any human behavior that recycles and reuses artifacts before the artifact enters an archaeological context ex: chips of stone / broken tools caused by items being remade into different items

Question 45

What is floatation?

Answer 45

A specialized artifact recovery technique that uses soil in water and charcoal will float to the top (Light Fracture of Floatation LFF).

Question 46

What is **provenience**?

Answer 46

Location of artifacts at a site

Question 47

What is a collapse deposit type?

Answer 47

material that forms rubble and is good for recreating walls

Question 48

When is the best time to stop excavating?

Answer 48

when you hit water or bedrock

Question 49

A ______ \_\_\_\_\_ _____ is a small excavation off-site but near that can determine the **stratification** of the site area

Answer 49

Control test pit

Question 50

Name some types of **Remote Sensing**.

Answer 50

1. Aerial Photography 2. Multispectral Scanning 3. Magnetometry 4. Electrical Resistivity 5. Ground Penetrating Radar 6. Sonar 7. Lidar (UH) 8. Historical sources 9. Sub Surface Sampling

Question 51

A number of contiguous squares are also known as:

Answer 51

excavation units/squares

Question 52

Name the 3 types of proveniences.

Answer 52

1. Bulk (general) 2. Point 3. Feature

Question 53

What are the two types of **discard**?

Answer 53

1. Primary Refuse: artifacts that are discarded in their place of use. 2. Secondary Refuse: Artifacts are discarded in the place other than where they are used and will loss spatial relation. ex: land fill

Question 54

What is the **Conservatory Process** of the **Reuse** stage?

Answer 54

Artifacts are kept in the systemic context long beyond their typical use life. ex: collectibles in a museum, antiques

Question 55

What is **Lateral Cycling** of the **Reuse** stage?

Answer 55

Use of the artifact is the same but with a different owner. ex: resale shop

Question 56

Give examples of **Historical Sources** used in remote sensing.

Answer 56

1. Old maps 2. Old place names (on maps, in books) 3. Oral Information

Question 57

On the grid system which corner is used as a reference for a grid unit?

Answer 57

South-West

Question 58

Define: Systemic Context

Answer 58

***Stages of the Life History of an Artifact*** A living behavioral system wherein artifacts are part of the ongoing system of _procurement, manufacture, use/maintenance, reuse, and discard_.

Question 59

What are the 4 types of **Reuse**?

Answer 59

1. Recycling 2. Secondary Use 3. Conservatory Process 4. Lateral Cycling

Question 60

What are the **7 types of Deposition**?

Answer 60

1. Burial 2. Cache 3. Loss 4. Discard 5. Abandonment 6. Reclaimation 7. Disturbance

Question 61

What are two types of Vertical Provenience?

Answer 61

1. Stratigraphy 2. Stratification

Question 62

Define the systemic context of **use** and give examples?

Answer 62

An artifact was being used actively while left in provenience. ex: arrowhead left on the ground while hunting

Question 63

Describe the **Burial** category of **deposition**.

Answer 63

Placement of humans into the archeological context.

Question 64

What is **Multispectral Scanning** within remote sensing?

Answer 64

1. Done with satellites 2. "sees" invisible energy

Question 65

What is remote sensing?

Answer 65

The nondestructive techniques used in geophysical prospecting and to generate archaeological data without excavation.

Question 66

What is the difference between **reclamation** and **restore**?

Answer 66

Restore never goes into AC

Question 67

What are the characteristics of a **Floor**?

Answer 67

1. Floors are a part of culture 2. Flat and level (can be walls or real floors) 3. Has artifacts

Question 68

What is a feature?

Answer 68

Artifacts or groups of artifacts that are thought to have important spatial behavior/information and are kept grouped separately from general provenience

Question 69

What is **Point Provenience**?

Answer 69

Exact 3-dimensional location of artifacts at a site.

Question 70

What are levels?

Answer 70

Arbitrary layers within zones.

Question 71

The elevation is measured per _____ not according to the site.

Answer 71

zone

Question 72

What is **Stratigraphy**?

Answer 72

The **layering of artifacts**(cultural) at a site.

Question 73

What is the best way tell a floor from a roof?

Answer 73

roofs have water erosion /pockmarks

Question 74

What is a block excavation?

Answer 74

It is an area of contiguous 2X2 units.

Question 75

Define the **Recycling** stage of **Reuse.**

Answer 75

Artifacts are made into a new artifact.

Question 76

What is a type of material brought into the site and is always out of context?

Answer 76

Fill

Question 77

Sacred sites at Copan do not have \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 77

direct external outside access

Question 78

What type of tool does Dr. Widmer not like and why?

Answer 78

Trowel. makes the ground rough.

Question 79

Which 2 types of deposition are considered **effect deposition**?

Answer 79

1. Reclamation 2. Disturbance