Test 2 Flashcards
(295 cards)
1
Q
How much of the adult population consumes caffeine
A
80%
2
Q
How much caffeine is in a regular cup of coffee on average
A
100mg
3
Q
How much caffeine is in a can of pop
A
40mg
4
Q
What is excedrin and how much caffeine is in it
A
It is a drug that contains caffeine that is used to treat headaches. It contains 65mg of caffeine.
5
Q
What is caffeine
A
a xanthine alkaloid
6
Q
What are the names of three cousins of caffeine
A
guaranine, mateine and theine
7
Q
When does caffeine reach peak plasma content
A
after 45 minutes
8
Q
How much of caffeine is excreted unchanged
A
2-3%
9
Q
What are the three metabolites of caffeine
A
paraxanthine, theobromine, theophylline
10
Q
What is the largest metabolite of caffeine
A
theobromine
11
Q
What does the metabolite of caffeine called paraxanthine do
A
increases lipolysis (decreases fat)
12
Q
What does the metabolite of caffeine called theobromine do
A
dilates blood vessels and increases urine volume
13
Q
what does the metabolite of caffeine called theophylline do
A
relaxes smooth muscles and bronchi in the lungs. It can be used to treat asthma
14
Q
What enzyme is caffeine metabolized by
A
CYP1A2
15
Q
What is an example of a drug that is an inhibitor of CYP1A2
A
Fluvoxamine (SSRI)
16
Q
What is the half life of caffeine
A
2.5-10 hours
17
Q
In what populations is the half life of caffeine extended
A
infants, pregnant, and elderly
18
Q
What are the side effects of heavy consumption (15 cups of coffee a day)
A
Agitation, anxiety, tremors, insomnia
19
Q
What is considered a lethal dose of coffee
A
10g or 100 cups of coffee
20
Q
What is caffeinism
A
a clinical syndrome characterized by overuse of caffeine, CNS effects like anxiety/agitation/insomnia and PNS effects like hypertension/tachycardia/ and gastrointestinal issues
21
Q
What does it mean to say that caffeine increases cardiac contractibility and output
A
your heart pumps harder in terms of power
22
Q
Does caffeine constrict or dilate coronary arteries
A
dilates
23
Q
Does caffeine constrict or dilate cerebral blood vessels
A
constricts
24
Q
Why does ephedrine work to help headaches
A
it has caffeine which reduces cerebral blood flow. Which means less oxygen in the brain and more room between the brain and the skull
25
What are three physical actions of caffeine
bronchial relaxation, increases secretion of gastric acid, increases urine output
26
What two physical actions of caffeine make the drug a good digestion aid
it relaxes your bronchi, and increases the secretion of gastric acid in your stomach
27
How is caffeine an adenosine antagonist
it is a competitive inhibitor of adenosine
28
Explain the typical outcome of adenosine activation and explain what happens when caffeine inhibits adenosine`
adenosine typically releases GABA in the dopamine reward pathway. This makes more GABA in the rear pathway than dopamine. Caffeine blocking adenosine receptor reduces the release of GABA and allows for more dopamine in the reward system instead. But only in the prefrontal cortex
29
What is the caffeine intake of canadian adults broken down into
60% coffee, 30% tea, and 10% chocolate, cola, and energy drinks
30
What is the caffeine intake of canadian children aged 1-5 broken down into
55% cola drinks, 30% tea, and 14% chocolate
31
What do the broad canadian guidelines suggest the maximum daily caffeine intake be
400 mg or 4 cups of coffee
32
What is the safe daily intake of caffeine for kids aged 4-5 years
45 mg
33
What is the safe daily intake of caffeine for kids aged 7-9
62.5mg
34
What is the safe daily intake of caffeine for kids aged 10-12
85 mg
35
What is the maximum safe daily dose of caffeine for pregnant woman
300mg of caffeine
36
At reasonable dosages of caffeine use from pregnant woman what can the results on the fetus be
a modest degree of fetal growth restriction
37
At high doses of caffeine while pregnant what are the associated fetal outcomes
can increase the risk of miscarriage (no other effects)
38
What are three fruits/vegetables that nicotine is found in
tomatoes, eggplant, and potatoes
39
How many cancer deaths does smoking account for
30%
40
How fast does cigarette smoke (nicotine) diffuse through the blood, lungs, heart, brain, and exert an effect
7 seconds
41
What is the half life of nicotine
2hours
42
What is the maximum amount of nicotine the body wants before it shuts it down
1-2mg of nicotine
43
How much of nicotine from cigarettes actually gets absorbed into the body
20% or 0.5-3 mg
44
What enzyme metabolizes nicotine
CYP-2A6
45
What is the metabolite of nicotine and is it active or passive
cotinine and active
46
How long does the metabolite of nicotine called cotinine stay in the blood
48 hours
47
What receptor does nicotine bind to
nAChR or alpha4 beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
48
Where are the nAChR receptors that nicotine binds to found
presynaptic nerve terminal on dopamine neurons, acetylcholine neurons, and glutamate neurons
49
What neurotransmitter is released when nicotine binds to a receptor
either acetylcholine, glutamate, or dopamine depending on which type of neuron the receptor was on
50
What makes nicotine positively reinforcing
it increases dopamine levels in the limbic system
51
How much already bounded molecules (previous nicotine, or acetylcholine etc) does nicotine displace after 3 cigarettes
75%
52
What are 6 effects of nicotine in early stages of use
Nausea, vomiting, stimulates the hypothalamus which releases ADH, decreases muscle tone, appetite suppressant, increased blood flow to arousal/reward centres, and anti depressant effects
53
What does the release of ADH do
makes you less likely to pee, and feel bloated. Causes fluid retention
54
What does nicotine use during pregnancy lead to
a 2-3 fold increase in being small for gestational age, paediatric asthma, SIDS, various immunological diseases, fetal hypoxia which leads to lower IQ'
55
When nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are activated elsewhere in the body happens (3)
Increase of blood pressure and heart rate, causes release of epinephrine, and gastrointestinal enhancement
56
What are 5 treatments for nicotine addiction that include nicotine
transdermal patch, nicotine gum, nicotine nasal spray, nicotine inhaler, and e-cigarettes
57
Why are e-cigarettes that contain nicotine banned
health canada and other bodies don't know enough about them or inhaling the PG that is in them
58
What are 3 pharmacotherapies used for treating nicotine addiction
bupropion (like wellbutrin and zyban), Varencline (champix), and CBT
59
How did Buproprion become a treatment for nicotine addiction
was originally an anti-depressant. It was a crappy anti-depressant but they noticed that the depressed people who were taking it stopped smoking.
60
What is the history of Varencline or Champix
It was a drug to stop smoking that was effective but increased violence and aggressive behaviours. So people have to be screened for violent tendencies before taking this
61
Why is the patch the best treatment option for nicotine addiction
Maintains a level of nicotine in plasma so there are less highs and lows/cravings. It also reaches the highest amount of nicotine in plasma relative to a normal cigarette.
62
What does THC stand for
Tetrahydrocannibal
63
What is the most common illicit drug in the world
Cannabis
64
What are the three main reasons/goals for the cannabis law in Ontario
Legalize, restrict and regulate sale of cannabis, restrict sale to youth, limit the illicit cannabis trade
65
What are the three psychoactive compounds in weed
Delta 9 Tetrahydracannabinol, cannabinol, cannbidiol
66
What is the main psychoactive ingredient in weed (not thc)
Delta 9 tetrahyrdycannibinol
67
What is hashish and how potent is it
Dried portions of the female plant. High potency-10-20% thc
68
What is ganja and how potent is it
Dried tops of the female flower, medium potency 5-8% thc
69
What is marijuana and how potent is it
The remainder of the weed plant- low potency 2-5% thc
70
What are 5 routes of administration for THC
Pipe, cigar, cigarette, bong, and edibles
71
What does a weed cigarette(joint) have in it
Dried marijuana buds and tobacco
72
What does a weed cigar(blunt) consist of
Taking out whatever was originally in the cigar and replacing it with marijuana
73
What is a reason someone would use a pipe for thc
There is a higher level of drug entry
74
Why are bongs used for weed
The water pipe increases the concentration of thc. It is less harsh than other methods while being the most concentrated form
75
What are THC receptors called and when were the found
CB1 and CB2 in the 90’s
76
What 3 things do G protein coupled receptors do in relation to thc
1. Inhibit adenylate cyclase
2. Binds thc
3. Binds other cannabinoids
77
Where are CB1 receptors found
On the presynaptic nerve terminal
78
What endogenous neurotransmitter is meant to bind to the receptors that THC binds to
Anandamide
79
What does activation of the THC receptor do in terms of charge and what does this result in
inhibits calcium (positive) and facilitates potassium (also positive, slightly less though). Because potassium is considered the "off" binding of the THC receptor makes a cell less likely to fire on the presynaptic side.
80
By THC decreasing the likelihood that the presynaptic neutron will fire what results
decrease in overall neurotrasnmitters including GABA. Leads to overall neuronal inhibition.
81
Is THC a weaker or stronger agonist than endogenous anadmide
stronger agonist
82
Is THC potent
not overly. There are not a lot of places for the drug to bind to in our bodies. There are just enough to feel an effect.
83
What type of agonist are anandamide and THC
partial agonists
84
What percent of available receptors does anandamide bind to
50%
85
What percent of available receptors does THC bind to
20%
86
What are 4 major brain regions that THC effects
basal ganglia, cerebellum, frontal cortex, and the hippocampus
87
What are the results of THC binding to receptors in the basal ganglia or the cerebellum
Movement slows down and posture changes
88
What are the results of THC binding to receptors in the frontal cortex
Changes in senses and perception of time. (The psychoactive effects of the drug)
89
What are the results of THC binding to receptors in the hippocampus
Memory being affected and memory storage
90
How much THC is in a joint and how much THC is available in smoke and how much of the available THC in the smoke actually gets absorbed into the blood stream
75mg, 25 mg, and 5-10 mg
91
What drug is an oral way to take THC
Dronabinol (marinol)
92
Why would someone take dronabinol for a dose of THC (3 reasons)
Slower onset, goes through first pass metabolism, and helps with nausea
93
How much THC gets into the blood stream when taking dronabinol
10-20%
94
What is the active metabolite of THC
11 Hydroxy-delta-9-THC
95
What is the half life 11 hydroxy-delta-9-THC
4-6 hours
96
What is the effect of hydroxy-delta-9-THC
It is very similar to the effect of THC
97
How long does the effect of THC last when it is smoked
2-3 hours
98
Is THC lipid or water soluble or readily does it pass through the blood brain barrier and placental barrier
it is highly lipid soluble and readily passes through the blood brain barrier and placental barrier
99
What is the inactive metabolite of THC called and what is the half life
carboxy-thc and this has a half life of 30-60 hours
100
What are the pharmacological effects of THC (6)
Analgesic properties, decreases body temperature, calms aggressive behaviour, temporal distortions, memory impairments, increased appetite (weight gain)
101
The decreased blood flow that is a result of THC leads to which psychoactive effect
memory impairments
102
How long does it take frequent marijuana users to go back to their original selves once they stop using
1 year
103
When chronic marijuana users over 10 years stop smoking what percentage of their original state do they get back
90%
104
What are the two mechanisms of tolerance or dependence for THC
Down regulation of cannabinoid receptor (most common mechanism) and receptor internalization
105
What are 4 withdrawal symptoms when stopping THC use
depressed mood, insomnia, lower food intake, irritability
106
What are the purposes of cannabinoid antagonists (3)
They block the marijuana induced intoxication and assists in abstinence. They enhance learning and memory. They can control eating and obesity.
107
What are psychedelic drugs
a class of drug in which hallucinations and out of body experiences occur
108
What are the the two types of produced psychedelics
naturally produced and synthetically produced
109
What were psychedelics historically used for
religious ceremonies
110
What are 4 different classes of psychedelics
anticholinergics, catetchlominelike, seroton like or monoaminergic, and glutaminergic NMDAR antagonists, Opioid kappa receptor agonists
111
What time of psychedelic drug class does scopolamine fall under
anticholinergic
112
What does scopolamine do at the receptor level
it blocks the acetycholine receptor so actual acetylcholine or other active molecules cannot bind to it
113
Where does scopolamine come from
the plant atropa belladonna
114
Is scopolamine potent? Toxic?
It is a highly potent drug and at high doses it can be poisonous
115
What is cholinesterase?
An enzyme that breaks down choline
116
What happens when you take cholinesterase inhibitors
a buildup of choline which leads to over excitation- up to death
117
What is atropine
a molecule that reverses cholinesterase inhibitors
118
What drug is an important source of atropine
scopolamine
119
What was scopolamine originally used for
women used to put it in their eyes to constrict the muscle in eyes for beauty purposes.
120
Does scopolamine work on the CNS or PNS
The PNS
121
Is scopolamine an antagonist or an agonist (which type) and at which receptor
scopolamine is a competitive antagonist at the muscarinic receptor
122
What kind of syndrome can scopolamine lead to
anticholinergic syndrome
123
What are the characteristics of anticholinergic syndrome (5)
Dry mouth, reduced sweating, dry skin, increased body temperature, and tachycardia (irregular heartbeat)
124
What do low doses of scopolamine lead to (4)
drowsiness, profound amnesia, mental confusion, absence of REM
125
What happens to your sleep when you stop taking scopolamine
very vivid REM
126
What do high (toxic) doses of scopolamine lead to (3)
Delirium, coma, respiratory depression
127
What makes a certain psychedelic a catechlomine psychedelic
these drug are structurally similar to catechlomine neurotransmitters (norepinephrine, epinephrine, and amphetamines)
128
What type of psychedelic has amphetamine like properties (as well as other effects)
Catechlomine like psychedelics
129
What are 4 types of catechllomine like psychedelics
MDMA, Mescaline, Myristin, and Elemicin
130
Which catechlomine like psychedelics come from nut meg
Myristin and Elemicin
131
What neurotransmitter receptors do catechlomine psychedelics interact with
dopamine receptors and the 5-HT2A receptor
132
What is the result of catechlomine psychedelics binding to the 5-HT2A receptors
The psychedelic actions of the drug
133
Where does Mescaline come from and how is it made
it comes from the peyote cactus. The crown of the plant is cut, and dried to a hard brown disk referred to ask mescal buttons.
134
How is Mescaline taken
it can be chewed or soaked to make a drink
135
What is the common use of mescaline
for religious services in the native community.
136
Describe the pharmacokinetics of of mescaline
effects are ramped up slowly and last a long time (10 hours)
137
What time of action does mescaline have on the 5ht2a receptor
agonistic action
138
How long does it take for mescaline to reach peak plasma content
1-2 hours
139
What kind of high does mescaline cause
it alters the visual system and causes an acute psychomimetic state (like a psychosis- you're in an altered state)
140
What drug is ecstasy structurally similar to
Mescaline
141
What usage shift occurred with ecstasy
it went from being a rave or club drug to a normal night thing
142
Is ecstasy more or less potent and toxic than mescaline
it is much more potent and toxic
143
Why is ecstasy so dangerous
it causes serotinergic neurotoxicity
144
What drug was made famous by the Dallas gay club
ecstasy
145
What is the typical street price for an ecstasy high
$5-10
146
What are some of the symptoms you experience while on ecstasy
Hyperthermia, Tachycardia, convulsions, kidney failure, cardiac arrhythmia, and death
147
What drug reverses the effect of ecstasy and when or why would you take it
Dantrolene is used to reverse the effect of ecstasy when you have a fatal syndrome called malignant hypothermia.
148
What age group is the design of ecstasy pills aimed to appeal to
ages 12-17
149
What is an example of a serotinergic or monoaminergic psychedelic
LSD
150
What does LSD stand for
lysergic acid diethylamide
151
Where is LSD found
in the Ipomoea purpurea plant seeds
152
what kind of action does LSD have on the 5HT2A receptor
agonistic action
153
Is LSD a safe drug
relatively speaking yes. It has very low toxicity
154
What two areas of the brain does LSD activate
The prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex
155
What are some of the effects of LSD (4)
Alterations in perception, temporal changes, visual alteration, and euphoric mood
156
What is HPPD
Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder. Where a person will experience flashbacks of a visual hallucination after the drug action has passed.
157
What are the three phases of LSD-induced psychedelic experiences
Somatic phase- CNS stimulation and autonomic changes
Sensory (perceptual) phase- sensory distortions and pseudo hallucinations
Psychic phase- maximum drug effect. "bad trip"
158
What are two examples of glutaminergic NMDAR antagonist psychedelics
ketamine and phencyclidine
159
What odd setting are glutaminergic NMDAR antagonist psychedelics used in
vet settings
160
What were ketamine and phencyclidine originally used for
anesthesia
161
What kind of symptoms do glutaminergic NMDAR antagonists resemble
schizophrenia symptoms
162
What receptor types do Glutaminergic NMDAR antagonists not have an effect on
5-HT, ACh, or DA
163
what kind of antagonistic action do Glutaminergic NMDAR antagonists have on the NMDAR
competitive antagonistic action
164
Where is the ketamine binding site found
IN the NMDAR
165
How does ketamine work
it blocks an open channel from sites within the receptor. also binds on the outside
166
Overall what does ketamine do
disassociates people from their environments
167
What are the characteristics of the psychotic state induced by ketamine (5)
rigid, unable to speak, appear very drunk, amnesia, coma/stupor (at high doses)
168
What is opium
the juice that comes from the opium poppy plant
169
What does is an opiate
the drug that is made with opium
170
what is an opioid
a broad descriptor for any drug that binds to the opioid receptor
171
What are the four main causes of acute pain
a trigger, soft tissue damage, infection, inflammation
172
What is the process of detecting pain called
nociception
173
what does the process of nociception refer to
the system that carries signals of damage and pain to the brain.
174
What are nociceptive neurons
specialized neurons that focus on detecting pain
175
Where do nociceptive neutrons have cell bodies
in the dorsal root ganglia
176
What are 3 types of pain that nociceptive neutrons can pick up on
mechanical, thermal and chemical
177
Where do the axons of nociceptive neutrons synapse
axons synapse in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.
178
Do opioids remove pain
no they simply modulate the symptoms of pain
179
What endogenous molecules mimic opioids
endorphins and enkephalin
180
Are opioids or endogenous pain killers stronger
opioids
181
Why is it bad that opioids are stronger than our endogenous enkephalin and endorphins
we have lowered our internal ability to manage our pain
182
Why is it good that opioids are stronger than our endogenous enkephalin and endorphins
we can control our pain/ manage our experience of pain
183
The natural method of getting opium through poppy plants is utilized for which three types of drugs
Morphine, codeine and thebaine
184
What are 3 examples of semi synthetic opioids?
Heroin, oxycodone and hydromorphone
185
What are 2 examples of fully synthetic opioids
Fentanyl and methadone
186
What is a papaver somniferum
An opium poppy that means sleep bringing poppy.
187
What is the extraction technique for opium
Workers will scratch a whole bunch of plants and then return to them to scoop up the liquid.
188
What are the three types of opium receptors
Mu, Kappa and Delta
189
Up to how many subtypes of opioid receptors have been found?
17
190
What does it mean to say that there is differential distribution of opioid receptors in the brain
there are some parts of the brain that have a higher density of these receptors
191
Which side of the synapse are opioid receptors
they can be found on both depending on which interaction between neutrons you are looking at
192
How do opioids exert their effect on their receptors
they bind to the receptor which blocks other neurotransmitters from binding to their receptors
193
What 6 brain regions will you find Mu receptors
The thalamus, striatum, spinal cord, periaqueductal grey, brainstem nuclei and nucleus accumbens
194
What are two main effects of opioids binding to Mu Opioid receptors
analgesic effects and altered respiration
195
What are 5 brain regions you will find Kappa Opioid receptors
Basal ganglia, nucleus accumbens, hypothalamus, periaqueductal grey and deep cerebral cortex.
196
In terms of opioid receptors which receptor(s) are the gas and which receptor(s) are the breaks?
Mu is the gas and Kappa is the main break and delta is also a milder break
197
What two effects of Mu are antagonized by the binding of opioid on Kappa receptors
the analgesic effects and the respiratory depression
198
What additional effect can binding on a Kappa receptor lead to
dysphoria
199
What three brain regions would you find delta receptors?
Nucleus accumbens, limbic system and spinal cord
200
What are the effects of opioid binding to a Delta receptor (3)
Effects emotional states, modulates the activity of mu receptors and relatively poor analgesic effects.
201
What opioid receptor is the main driving force for the analgesic effects seen when opiates are taken?
Mu
202
What are the 4 types of opioid receptor actions? (antagonists versus agonists)
Pure agonists, pure antagonists, mixed agonist-antagonist and partial agonists
203
What is a pure agonist opioid receptor- drug relationship and what is an example of a drug that facilitates this action
There is strong binding of drug to receptor. Morphine is a pure agonist on the Mu receptors
204
What is a pure antagonist opioid receptor-drug relationship and what is an example of a drug that facilitates this action?
It is something that blocks the receptor with no activity. An example of this is Naltrexone because it binds to the Mu receptor without giving any pain relieving effects
205
What is a mixed agonist-antagonist opioid receptor-drug relationship and what is an example of a drug that facilitates this action
These are opioids that are an agonist at one receptor while being an antagonist at another receptor. An example of this is pentazocine.
206
What is a partial agonist opioid receptor - drug relationship and what is an example of a drug that facilitates this action
When a drug binds to the receptor but is not a great fit. It has low intrinsic activity. An example of this is buprenorphine.
207
How much percent does morphine account for of the extracted liquid from an opium plant
10%
208
What is the gold standard pain analgesic that is still the most effective today?
Morphine
209
How is morphine administered
IV usually into the spinal cord. Or it can be taken orally or rectally.
210
Why is morphine usually injected
it does not pass the blood brain barrier very well.
211
How much of morphine reaches the central nervous system
20%
212
What is the therapeutic index for morphine like?
It is very narrow/small
213
What is the dosage of morphine in pills like? Why?
The dosage of morphine pills jumps vastly because patients develop tolerance very quickly. This is why it can be so addictive.
214
Where is the active metabolite of morphine produced
liver
215
How much more potent is the metabolite of morphine than morphine
10-20x
216
What is the half life of morphine
3-5 hours.
217
What is the active metabolite of morphine called?
Morphine-6-glucuronide.
218
What receptors does morphine-6-glucuronide bind to
the same receptors as morphine itself. Mu, Kappa and Delta
219
Describe the action of morphine in the reward pathway
It inhibits GABA in the reward pathway which ends up increases the total amount of dopamine.
220
What are 8 pharmacological effects of morphine
Analgesia, euphoria, sedation/anxiolysis, sense of tranquility, respirator depression, suppression of the cough reflex, GI symptoms (constipation) and pupillary constriction
221
What are 5 symptoms of morphine withdrawal
Restlessness, dysphoria, anxiety, insomnia, and diarrhea
222
What is RAAD
it is rapid anesthesia-aided detoxification to help withdrawal from morphine where the patient is given a pure opioid antagonist (naloxone) and a sympathetic blocker (clonidine)
223
Besides RAAD what is an alternative to help patients experiencing morphine withdrawal
patient will remain in anesthesia to sleep through the worse of their withdrawal symptoms and then will be given naltrexone when awoken.
224
What is codeine used for?
Mild to moderate pain
225
How many codeine users meet the criteria for dependence
40%
226
What enzyme metabolizes codeine into morphine
CYP-2D6
227
What is the active metabolite of codeine
morphine
228
What type of drug can block the effectiveness of codeine
An SSRI
229
How much more potent is heroin than morphine
3x.
230
How lipid soluble is heroin and what does this mean
it is highly lipid soluble which means in can pass through membrane (including the BBB) easily
231
What are the two types of oxycodone and what are examples of each
There are short period oxycodones like percodan and long acting like oxycontin
232
What was oxycontin designed for
it was designed to help people with chronic pain without having the side effects associated with morphine (respiratory depression)
233
What went awry in oxycontin use
The long acting ones which were supposed to last a week were being crushed a snorted or injected which lead to crazy highs and even death
234
How much more potent is fentanyl than morphine
80-500 times
235
Does fentanyl cause respiratory depression?.
Yes
236
What are the bad areas for opioid related deaths in canada
The west and the north
237
What was the number 1 street drug 5 years ago?
Oxycontin
238
When oxycontin's patent ran out what did they do
they made oxyneo which could not be crushed
239
How did abusers originally get fentanyl
they would cut open therapeutic patches and sollubolize it so they could inject it.
240
Where does the oral version of fentanyl come from
China
241
How much more toxic is fentanyl than morphine
100 times
242
How much fentanyl does it take to induce a euphoric effect
100-300 micrograms which is less than a grain of salt.
243
What are the three reasons we eat?
Homeostasis, emotional state and hedonism
244
What is an example of a hunger stimulating GI peptide
Ghrelin
245
Where is ghrelin found?
Our stomach and pancreas
246
Can sleep alter ghrelin levels
yes
247
What interesting brain region does ghrelin activate when released
a portion of the dopamine reward pathway
248
What are 3 different adiposity (satiety) signals
leptin, insulin and cholecystokinin (CCK)
249
Where is leptin found
adipose tissues- hypothalamus
250
Where is insulin found and excreted
blood and the pancreas
251
Where is CCK found
In the small intestine
252
What two things does leptin have antagonizing effects on?
Neuropeptide Y (Which is a stimulant) and anandamide (also a stimulant).
253
What does leptin have agonizing effects on
alpha-MSH (which surpasses appetite and stimulates satiety)
254
What does insulin do
causes cells to take up glucose from the blood. stops the use of fat as energy source by inhibiting the release of glucagon
255
what is an orexigenic agent
something that makes you eat
256
What happened in the Jackson Lab experiments
They caused genetic mutations to see what would happen. Ended up making a large mouse and found that it had no leptin. When they gave it leptin it would finally stop eating.
257
What does the dual-centre hypothesis posit
there are two different regions of the hypothalamus and each regulates opposing action in terms of food consumption and food satiety. The areas are the ventromedial hypothalamus a satiety centre and the lateral hypothalamus is a hunger centre
258
What are three factors that influence food consumption
Disrupted neurobiology, poor impulse control and environmental factors (access being the biggest component)
259
When is someone considered obese
when their BMI is 30 or above.
260
What is obesity
A metabolic state where excess fat accumulates in peripheral tissues including adipose, muscle, and liver.
261
Are people in the west or east coast of canada slimmer and why
west is slimmer because they have a more active lifestyle generally.
262
How many canadians are said to have an unhealthy weight
2/3
263
What brain regions does food consumption activate? What does this mean?
Nucleus accumbens, prefrontal cortex, ventral tegmental area and amygdala. This hows that food addiction activates the same reward centres as a typical drug addiction
264
It is said that food addiction is associated with an obsessive compulsive relationship with food... What are the symptoms (5)?
Frequent periods of uncontrollable binges, consume food beyond the point of satiety, feelings of guilt and depression, excessive time and thought devoted to food and preoccupation with body weight
265
Trigger foods can activate the reward system and release which neurotransmitter?
Serotonin
266
Why is food like medicine for addicts
Food addicts tend to have lower levels of baseline serotonin and dopamine and eating something that they like will give them a boost of serotonin and dopamine that they need
267
What are the withdrawal symptoms of food in addicts (6)
Mood swings, agitation, faintness, headaches, dysphoria and hypoglycemia
268
What are some diagnostic criteria for addiction and how does it relate to food addiction
tolerance- increased consumption of food
Withdrawal- there is dysphoria and other withdrawal symptoms
Investments- time spent eating and costs
Social change- Fear of rejection
269
What is an example of a drug that was created and modified to have the effect of steroids without being detected in sports
Methandrostenolone or dianabol
270
What gonads in testosterone secreted from
Ovaries and testes but barely any in ovaries
271
What does testosterone consist of
Tested, sterol and ketone
272
Describe the process of testosterone release
hypothalamus releases GRF. Once the pituitary glands detect a certain amount of GRF it releases FSH follicle stimulating hormone and LH the luteinizing hormone. This releases activates two structures testicles which are the seminiferous tubules which releases sperm and sperm containing substances and the leading cells which release testosterone
273
When you take testosterone what happens to the normal system of testosterone release
Blocks all natural testosterone and the whole system that results in release of leydig cells
274
Why do testes shrink in people who use steroids
They aren’t producing endogenous testosterone and it isn’t needed
275
When are the shrunken testes from steroid use reversible when are they not
Non reversible anytime after 12 weeks of continuous use on average
276
What are the 6 main effects of excessive steroid use
Blocks regular testosterone release, reduce spermatogenesis, decrease male fertility, increase muscle mass, more masculine appearance, and more aggression
277
What are the 4 anabolic effects of steroid use
Increased protein synthesis, increased appetite, bone remodeling and growth, increase production of red blood cells
278
What are 5 androgenic effects of steroids
Increased hair growth, increased vocal chord size, increased libido, growth of clitoris, increased breast size in men
279
What five things can happen when you take supratherapeutic doses of steroids
Increased tonic and burst of muscle, better strength and endurance, hypogonadal state, lower high lipoproteins and increases low density lipoproteins, increased the risk of liver disorders
280
What are 4 therapeutic uses for steroids
TS replacement for hypogonadism, certain blood anemia, muscle loss after trauma, muscle loss due to disease
281
What is the active metabolite of steroids
Androstanolone
282
What are some withdrawal symptoms from steroids
Fatigue, loss of appetite, decreased libido, suicidal ideation, insomnia
283
What are three phases of gambling in the compulsive gambling decline
Winning, losing, desperation
284
What are the three phases of gambling in the recovery from compulsive gambling
Critical phase, rebuilding phase, growth phase
285
What neurotransmitters do gamblers tend to have a lower baseline level of
Norepinephrine and serotonin
286
What’s the problem with the south oaks gambling screen
Over estimates false positives
287
What is the focus of the Canadian problem gambling index
Harm and consequences of gambling
288
Why would you use medication to treat gambling addiction
A lot of addicts have combined psychiatric disorders
289
What are methods of psychotherapy used to treat gambling addiction and why are they better then meds
Counselling, step by step programs and peer support groups. They are better because they foster self awareness
290
Why would rates of sex addiction be off?
Low self report, social and cultural views on discussing sexual behaviours, is it really bad?, our inability to define normal and abnormal
291
What are the three compulsive components of sex addiction
Compulsivity, continuation despite consequences, obsession
292
What are some mental issues associated with sex addiction
Bi polar disorder, narcissistic personality disorder and OCD
293
What are the four components of the behaviour cycle of sex addicts
Preoccupation, ritualization, compulsive sexual behaviours, despair
294
What are 4 components of Patrick cranes sexual addiction screening
It is a secret, it is abusive or degrading to you or others, it is used to avoid painful feelings, it is not part of a caring committed relationship
295
What are 4 potential causes for sex addiction
Trauma, impaired neuro chemistry, developmental impairments, early life exposure to sexual experiences
