Test 2 Flashcards

Question

In the GU system, under the age of 2, children are less efficient at... ?

Answer 1

electrolyte and acid-base balance excretion of drugs from body concentrating urine

Answer 2

``` cystoscopy diuretic renogram intravenous pyelogram voiding cystourethrogram lab tests - BUN, creatine, urinalysis ```

Answer 3

urine characteristics pain or discomfort edema appearance of genitalia

Answer 4

2 mL/kg/hr

Answer 5

0.5 to 1 mL/kg/hr

Answer 6

40 to 80 mL/hr

Answer 7

abnormal location of urethral meatus in males

Answer 8

prenatal US or observation

Answer 9

protect surgical site encourage fluids double diapering - second diaper catches urine from stent

Answer 10

analgesics, prophylactic antibiotics, and anticholinergics to reduce bladder spasms

Answer 11

failure of testicle to descend

Answer 12

infertility & malignancy - testicular cancer

Answer 13

spontaneously by 3 months

Answer 14

no tub baths x2 days keep clean & dry avoid straddling on hip or straddle toys x 2 weeks

Answer 15

never dry, infants. delayed neuromuscular maturation small bladder capacity

Answer 16

stress, UTI, DM, sleep disorder

Answer 17

bedwetting

Answer 18

fluid restriction, bladder exercises, timed voiding, enuresis alarms, reward systems, medications.

Answer 19

desmopressin - nasal spray with antidiuretic effect imipramine - anticholinergic, reduces bladder spasms oxybutynin - for urgency

Answer 20

``` edema - protein loss -> osmotic pressure change retain sodium and water massive proteinuria hypoalbumninemia, hypoproteinemia altered immunity ```

Answer 21

increased edema, anorexia, weight gain from retaining fluid, HTN, irritability

Answer 22

history, symptoms, labs

Answer 23

``` corticosteroids 12 weeks diuretics - relieves edema antihypertensive antibiotics - risk for infection iv albumin - replace low albumin levels ```

Answer 24

``` monitor side effects of meds prevent infection prevent skin break down meet nutritional and fluid needs promote rest support and home care teaching ```

Answer 25

most common inflammation of glomeruli of kidney

Answer 26

group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus or strep throat

Answer 27

``` history of strep infection signs emerge 10-21 days after immune complex reaction on glomerular capillary wall decreased GFR, RBC excreted Ha, H3O retained -> edema ```

Answer 28

acute pain, usually asymptomatic, tea colored urine

Answer 29

BUN, Creatine, GFR

Answer 30

relief of symptoms & supportive care | bed rest, treat edema, HTN

Answer 31

``` monitor fluid status prevent infection prevent skin break down meet nutritional needs provide emotional support teaching needs ```

Answer 32

not well protected from trauma nerve impulse development rapid brain growth continues until age 5-8 myelination incomplete at birth

Answer 33

brain injury, skill fracture, neck injury, and compression fractures

Answer 34

a structural defect of the brain, enlarged ventricles due to too much CSF. can be congenital or acquired

Answer 35

signs/symptoms of increasing ICP - increase in head circumference. older child - HA, vomiting, irritable

Answer 36

remove obstruction or create bypass ventriculoperitoneal shunt ventriculoatrial shunt

Answer 37

shunt malfunction or failure | infection

Answer 38

position carefully & reposition frequently support head a& neck, HC checks daily skin care: prevent breakdown feedings - prone to vomiting monitor for s/s of increased ICP

Answer 39

positioning - flat for 24 hours, gradually rise. fed on side. aseptic technique monitor for shunt malfunction, infection, increase ICP teaching

Answer 40

spinal fluid-filled meningeal sac

Answer 41

surgery in 24-48 hours of birth

Answer 42

may be diagnosed prenatally | CT, MRI, and Xray

Answer 43

adding folic acid to diet of pregnant woman

Answer 44

spinal fluid filled meningeal sac hydrocephalus - 85% associative seizures lowest - mild weakness, bowel, & bladder issues highest - paralysis of legs, weakness, and sensory loss of trunk, loss of bowel, bladder control

Answer 45

maternal drug use

Answer 46

withdrawal. | effects CNS, ANS, GI tract

Answer 47

reduce effects of withdrawal- phenabarbitol, klonadine, bundle baby, reduce stimuli.

Answer 48

a movement & posture disorder. caused by an assault on the immature brain.

Answer 49

want them as independent as possible

Answer 50

dyslexia - reading dyscalculia - math dysgraphia - writing dyspraxia - motor skills

Answer 51

maximize learning potential | maintain healthy self-esteem

Answer 52

maximize child's potential

Answer 53

Glasgow coma scale

Answer 54

bradycardia

Answer 55

neurogenic bladder

Answer 56

hypertonia with uncontrolled movement seen in cerebral palsy

Answer 57

constant involuntary writhing motions seen in cerebral palsy

Answer 58

``` airway is smaller in diameter and shorter increased airway resistance fewer alveoli for gas exchange cartilage more flexible increased oxygen consumption large tongue and epiglottis ```

Answer 59

respiratory effort, color, position of comfort, behavior change, breath sounds, cough, vital signs, O2 saturation, family history.

Answer 60

nasal flaring, grunting, retractions, restlessness, anxiety, fearful affect, diaphoresis, decreased O2 saturation, behavioral changes, and general cyanosis.

Answer 61

early - Restlessness, Anxiety, Tachycardia/Tachypnea | late- Bradycardia, Extreme restlessness, Dyspnea

Answer 62

Feeding difficulty, Inspiratory stridor, Nasal flaring, Expiratory grunting, Sternal retractions.

Answer 63

start oxygen position of comfort bed rest calm environment

Answer 64

bronchoscopy, imaging studies, sleep studies, pulse ox, spirometry/pulmonary function tests, sweat chloride tests, arterial blood gases

Answer 65

abnormal ABGs (hypoxia, hypercapnia) decreased O2 sat altered LOC dyspnea

Answer 66

``` adventitious breath sounds ineffective or absent cough inability to remove secretions diminished breath sounds sputum production ```

Answer 67

low rate, depth, minute volume use of accessory muscles nasal flaring orthopnea, dyspnea

Answer 68

``` oxygen humidity incentive spirometer chest physiotherapy suction medications CPAP, or ventilator ```

Answer 69

bronchodilators - reverse or prevent bronchospasm anti-inflammatory agents - reduce inflammation antimicrobials

Answer 70

otitis media tonsillitis bronchiolitis croup syndromes

Answer 71

inflammation of middle ear related to E tub dysfunction can lead to hearing impairment

Answer 72

male children, day care centers, allergies, pacifier use, exposure to tobacco smoke, multiple siblings, cleft lip/palate

Answer 73

tympanic membrane very red, may be bulging irritability, and pulling at ear n/v, FEVER

Answer 74

observation analgesics antibiotics myringotomy/tympanostomy tubes

Answer 75

inflammation of tonsils

Answer 76

frequent throat infections, breathing and swallowing difficulties, persistent redness of tonsils. sleep apnea. nasal stuffiness. discharge & postnasal drip. cough

Answer 77

antibiotics, surgery - watchful waiting

Answer 78

lower airway inflammation often caused by RSV. excessive mucus plugs airway resembles pneumonia on xray October to march risk for respiratory failure

Answer 79

``` maintain droplet isolation humidified oxygen for O2 sats <90% CR nad puls ox monitors nasal suctioning before feeds nebulized salene treatments - loosens secretions reduce anxiety fluids ```

Answer 80

upper air way inflammation

Answer 81

inspiratory stridor seal-like barking cough hoarseness worse at night

Answer 82

Dysphonia, Dysphagia, Drooling, Distressed respiratory effort with stridor

Answer 83

chronic lung disease of newborn

Answer 84

use of ventilator and oxygen less than 28 weeks gestation less than 1000 grams PDA, MAS

Answer 85

``` increased respiratory effort and O2 need failure to thrive right-sided heart failure growth & development delays impaired cognition pulmonary dysfuction ```

Answer 86

``` bronchodilators corticosteroids diuretics potassium chloride - replace K with diuretics Palizumab (Synagis) pneumococcal vaccine at age 2 ```

Answer 87

autosomal recessive genetic disorder of the exocrine glands. affects transport of Cl & Na across cell membranes results in very thick mucus which obstructs ducts of multiple organs

Answer 88

``` chronic, moist productive coughf frequent respiratory infections adventitious breath sounds chronic sinus infections clubbing and a barrel chest poor weight gain/ FTT bulky, smelly stools, partial small bowel obstruction infertifility ```

Answer 89

newborn screaning for trypsinogen chromosome mutation analysis sweat chrloride test - normal <40

Answer 90

``` maintain respiratory function control inflammation and infection reduce mucus accumulation promote optimal nutrition prevent intestinal blockage ```

Answer 91

``` broncodilators dornase alfa - aerosol ( pulmozyme) hypertonic saline ibuprofen antibiotics pancreatic enzymes multivitamins, iron Vitamins A, D, E, K ```

Answer 92

frequent coughing wheezing, maybe only with auscultation bronchoconstriction, airway swelling, mucus production

Answer 93

chronic inflammatory disease. normal protective mechanisms of the lungs overreact to a trigger

Answer 94

medications, hydration, education, and support

Answer 95

maintain control long term use least amount of medication reduce risk of adverse effects

Test 2 Flashcards

(120 cards)