Test 2

Question 1

If you were a high-school guidance counselor, what would you conclude after reading the section on cognitive abilities?

Answer 1

Although females may score lower on some tasks requiring spatial ability, most males and females receive similar scores.

Question 2

Child A and Child B are both boys who are standing near each other in a kindergarten classroom, and Child A wants the toy that Child B currently has. Which of the following is the best example of relational aggression in this situation?

Answer 2

Child A says he will not invite Child B to his party if he will not share.

Question 3

According to the discussion of puberty in Chapter 4,

Answer 3

body weight is typically correlated with the age at which a female reaches puberty.

Question 4

Dysmenorrhea is

Answer 4

painful cramps in the abdominal region, as well as other pain accompanying menstruation.

Question 5

Chapter 5 discusses some biological explanations that have been proposed to account for gender differences in cognitive ability. Which of the following statements is correct about these explanations?

Answer 5

Research has not supported a genetic explanation for gender differences.

Question 6

Your text describes a study in which students worked on a series of cognitive tasks and then received either positive or negative comments about their performance. The results of this research indicated that

Answer 6

women’s self-confidence increased greatly after positive comments and decreased greatly after negative comments.

Question 7

As the section on cognitive abilities notes, about 7% of males and 3% of females may have spatial ability scores in the top 5% of the population. One implication that we can draw from this information is that

Answer 7

this gender difference cannot fully explain why women in engineering are relatively rare.

Question 8

The period during development in which a young person experiences physical changes that lead to sexual maturity is known as

Answer 8

puberty

Question 9

Which of the following would you be most likely to see?

Answer 9

a female sitting with her arms and hands close to her body

Question 10

Suppose that a friend of yours has 3-year-old twins. He tells you that Sara’s language is more advanced than Joe’s, because she is a girl. Recalling the information on gender comparisons in verbal ability from your textbook, you reply that

Answer 10

although occasional studies have demonstrated gender differences in children’s language, many other studies do not.

Question 11

Hardie’s 10-week study of women’s daily health and stress diaries found that

Answer 11

none of the women in this study met the criterion for PMS.

Question 12

If Kristine is an executive who has a transactional style of leadership, she would be most likely to

Answer 12

reward employees who correctly accomplish the assignments they had been given.

Question 13

According to the chapter on social gender comparisons, decoding ability is

Answer 13

the ability to figure out another person’s emotions from his or her nonverbal behavior.

Question 14

An adolescent female who says that she is a feminist is likely to

Answer 14

have a relatively complex view of herself.

Question 15

The term chilly classroom climate refers to situations in which

Answer 15

females and males are treated differently in the classroom.

Question 16

According to the research on body image and the physical self-concepts of adolescents,

Answer 16

concerns about body appearance can lead to eating disorders in young women.

Question 17

Chapter 4 discussed several studies on how teenagers feel about their parents. The results of these studies indicate that

Answer 17

females felt closer to their mothers than to their fathers.

Question 18

According to the research on gender comparisons in altruism,

Answer 18

overall gender differences in general helpfulness are minimal.

Question 19

Imagine that you are talking with a group of high-school students about their career goals. You are likely to find that

Answer 19

the young women are more likely than the young men to choose a career that is not traditional for their gender.

Question 20

Which of the following statements is correct about facial expression?

Answer 20

Women usually smile more than men.

Question 21

According to Chapter 4 in your textbook, secondary sex characteristics are

Answer 21

features of the body related to sexual reproduction but not directly involved in it.

Question 22

According to Chapter 5, stereotype threat is likely to affect students’ performance when

Answer 22

people are reminded that they belong to a group that does not do well on the task they are attempting.

Question 23

What is ovulation?

Answer 23

The release of the egg at the middle of the menstrual cycle

Question 24

According to the research on children’s friendships,

Answer 24

when playing with their friends, boys are more likely than girls to enjoy playing games that have rules.

Question 25

According to the research on how adolescents interact with their parents,

Answer 25

most adolescent males and females get along fairly well with their parents.

Question 26

In which of the following situations would you expect men and women to be most different with respect to self-confidence?

Answer 26

a task that is stereotypically masculine.

Question 27

What can we conclude about lateralization and cognitive performance?

Answer 27

We do no have clear-cut evidence that males show more lateralization than females do.

Question 28

One reasons that the premenstrual syndrome is so controversial is that

Answer 28

there is no clear definition for PMS.

Question 29

According to the discussion of gender comparisons in verbal ability, a meta-analysis reported an effect size of 0.11. From this information, you can conclude that

Answer 29

in general, males and females do not differ in their verbal ability.

Question 30

Suppose that your professor says, “A meta-analysis was conducted on gender differences in adolescents’ attitudes toward education.” From that description, you know that the researchers

Answer 30

statistically combined the results from a large number of previous studies on the topic.

Question 31

On which of the following spatial abilities are the gender differences likely to be the largest?

Answer 31

figuring out whether a piece of a jigsaw puzzle would fit into the puzzle if the piece were turned sideways.

Question 32

Suppose that researchers have tested a group of high school students on a cognitive task, using well-controlled conditions. Then they created graphs for the scores of the males and females, and they found that the two graphs had only a small overlap. Which of the following conclusions would be most likely?

Answer 32

The two genders probably differ in their skill on this task.

Question 33

According to the research on college enrollments in the United States,

Answer 33

the data on US citizens show that women now earn about half of the PhD degrees.

Question 34

The events in the menstrual cycle are best described as

Answer 34

A feedback loop involving changes in brain structures, hormones, and reproductive structures.

Question 35

What is an important function of the ovaries in the menstrual cycle?

Answer 35

They contain the eggs, which are released in the middle of the cycle.

Question 36

Your text discusses research by Carli on the use of phrases such as “I’m not sure” and “I suppose.” This research found that

Answer 36

women sometimes use hesitant phrases when talking with men, but not with other women.

Question 37

According to the discussion of motivation and attitudes about success, which of the following gender differences is largest?

Answer 37

level of self-confidence

Question 38

Researchers have examined whether gender differences in some cognitive areas might be explained by hormonal factors. The discussion of this possibility emphasizes that

Answer 38

the results of this research are often contradictory or complex.

Question 39

What can we conclude about the experiences of adolescent women and men in high school math and science classes?

Answer 39

Females often feel less competent and effective in these courses - even when they perform very well.

Question 40

According to the discussion of adolescents who are lesbian,

Answer 40

most young lesbians say that their first connection with another female was emotional, rather than sexual.

Question 41

Which of the following situations are you most likely to see when two adults are conversing with each other?

Answer 41

two women who are looking at each other

Question 42

Part of Chapter 4 discussed teenagers’ self-concepts. According to the information about transgender identity,

Answer 42

a transgendered person may decide to live as a man, to live as a woman, or to create another category for themselves.

Question 43

Which of the following students provides the most accurate information about the term validity?

Answer 43

Luke: “Validity means that a test measures what it is supposed to measure.”

Question 44

In which of the following cognitive areas are gender differences the largest?

Answer 44

spatial ability

Question 45

Your textbook discusses teenagers’ romantic relationships. According to this discussion,

Answer 45

the media provide a strong message that teenage girls should have a boyfriend.

Question 46

According to the social learning explanation of gender differences in communication,

Answer 46

children are reinforced for gender-appropriate nonverbal behavior and punished for gender-inappropriate nonverbal behavior.

Question 47

What can we conclude about gender comparisons in self-disclosure with friends?

Answer 47

Female friends show somewhat more self-disclosure with each other, compared to male friends.

Question 48

Imagine that you are an eighth-grade teacher who has just administered a standardized test of mathematical achievement. If you compare the scores of the boys and the girls in your class, you are likely to find that the

Answer 48

boys and girls will receive fairly similar scores.

Question 49

Suppose that college students are asked to state out loud in a group why they think that they did so well on the last exam in organic chemistry. What might you expect to find with respect to gender comparisons?

Answer 49

Males would be somewhat more likely to attribute their success to high ability.

Question 50

What can we conclude about interruption patterns in conversations?

Answer 50

Men interrupt more often than women interrupt, though not in all situations.

Question 51

Which of the following statements best summarizes the material on adolescents’ body image and physical self-concepts?

Answer 51

In general, adolescent males feel valued for their athletic competence, whereas adolescent females feel valued for their physical appearance.

Question 52

An adolescent woman who chooses a stereotypically masculine career is likely to

Answer 52

be relatively self-confident about her academic ability.

Question 53

What can we conclude about the grades that males and females receive in mathematics courses?

Answer 53

With some consistency, girls receive higher grades.

Question 54

What can we conclude about explanations for the gender differences in mathematics ability?

Answer 54

Some of the gender differences can be explained by the fact that males have more math-related experiences outside school.

Question 55

Research on adolescents’ emotions and relationships with their families indicates that

Answer 55

adolescent females are more likely than adolescent males to talk about their emotional experiences.

Question 56

A school psychologist presents you with a picture of several people seated around a conference table and asks you to create a story about the picture. The psychologist is most likely measuring your

Answer 56

achievement motivation.

Question 57

Chapter 5 described a study in which bank employees received either positive or negative comments from a supervisor. The results of this study showed that

Answer 57

women were more responsive to the feedback than men were.

Question 58

A person who enjoys accomplishing tasks very competently is high in

Answer 58

achievement motivation.

Question 59

What can we conclude about gender differences in what men and women talk about?

Answer 59

In general, the similarities in conversational topics are greater than the differences.

Question 60

Suppose that you take a variety of tests to measure various aspects of your motivation style. Your results show that you are high in intrinsic motivation, which means that

Answer 60

you like to work on a task because it is interesting.