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Test 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the functions of the skin

A 
1 protection 
2 body temp 
3 excretion
4 production of vitamin D 
5 sensory reception
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2
Q

On what part of your body is your skin the thickest and thinnest

A

Thick: palms and soles
Thin: rest of body

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3
Q

What type of cell is a karatinocyte, it’s role, what does it produce.

A

It’s an epidermal cell

provide physical and mechanical protection

It produces keratin(protein that gives epidermis its protective properties)

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4
Q

What is a melanocyte, what does it produce, what is the role of this cell in the skin

A

Dark skin color cell

Dark skin pigment called melanin

Shields cell nuclei from UV rays

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5
Q

What does the dermis do

A

Dermis binds the entire body together like a body stocking

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6
Q

What is the hypodermis and where is it located

A

Fat layer and below the skin layer

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7
Q

What do sudoriferous glands produce

A

Sweat glands

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8
Q

2 types of sudoriferous glands

A

Eccrine- palms, soles, forehead

Apocrine- axillary, anal, genetal

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9
Q

Ceruminius glands what do they produce

A

Ear wax

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10
Q

Mammary glands what do they produce

A

Secrete milk

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11
Q

Three specific types of cartilages

A

Elastic, hyaline, fibro cartilage

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12
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found in

A

Ear and epiglottis

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13
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found in

A

Pubicsymphysis, intervertebral discs, meniscus

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14
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found in

A

Nose, costal cartilages, articulations cartilage in joints

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15
Q

What are the functions of bones

A
  1. Support
  2. Movement
  3. Protection
  4. Mineral storage
  5. Blood cell formation/ energy storage
  6. Energy metabolism
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16
Q

How is bone matrix different from other tissues ecm?

A

Organic 35%- tissue mass of collagen fibers

Inorganic 65%- minerals, primarily calcium phosphate

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17
Q

Describe 3 types of cells in bones

A

Osteoblasts- build up bone
Osteocytes- keeps bones healthy
Osteoclasts- breaks down bone

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18
Q

Which bone cell is a special type of what blood cell?

A

Osteoclasts, Lymphocytes

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19
Q

What are the characteristics of the four different classes of bone?

A

Long, short, flat, irregular

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20
Q

What are sesamoid bones?

A

Special type of shirt bone formed within a tendon

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21
Q

What are two types of ossification?

A

Intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification

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22
Q

What are endochondral and membranous bones?

A

Endochondral- any bone that developers in and replaces cartilage
Membranous- bones that formed in membranous C.Ct.instead of cartilage

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23
Q

What are the two

reasons that bones are constantly being remodeled?

A
  1. helps maintain constant concentrations of Ca2 levels. These Ca2levels are strictly controlled because it’s critical for muscle contraction
  2. Responds to the mechanical stress it experiences
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24
Q

What are the roles of osteoblasts and osteoclasts?

A

Osteoblasts is bone decomposition

Osteoclasts is bone resorption

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25
What are fontanelles and their function
Unossified remnants of membranes | F: allows the skull to go compressed when the infant goes through birth canal
26
How are the male and female pelves different? What are | the evolutionary reasons for these differences
Female pelvis is adapted for childbearing and is wider, shallower, and lighter Male is adapted for the support of a heavier build and stronger muscles
27
What are the functions of joints
Support and movement
28
Explains the functional classification of immovable, slightly movable and freely movable
Synarthrosis-immovable Amphiarthrosis-slightly movable Diarthrosis- freely movable joints
29
Fibrous joints 1. structural characteristics 2. types 3. mobility
1.adjoining bones united by collagenic fibers 2.sutures, syndesmosis, gomphosis 3. Immobile(synarthrosis) Slightly movable and immobile (amphiarthrosis) Immobile (gomphosis)
30
Cartilaginous 1. structural characteristics 2. types 3. Mobility
1.adjoining bones united by cartilage 2. A. Synchondrosis(hyaline cartilage) immobile B. Symphysis (fibrocartilage) slightly movable
31
Synovial 1. structural characteristics 2. types 3. Mobility
1. adjoining bones separated by a joint cavity, covered with articulations cartilage, and enclosed within a articulations capsule lined with synovial membrane 2. Plane, hinge, pivot, condylar,saddle ,ball and socket 3. Freely movable, movement depends on design of joint
32
3 types of fibrous joints and give examples of them
Suture(skull),gomphosis(alveolar process), syndesmosis(fibula and tibia)
33
Describe the two different types of cartilaginous joints and give an example
synchondrosis-sternum and ribs symphysis- pubic symphysis
34
What’s a bursa
A fibrous sac lined with synovial membrane containing synovial fluid; acts to decrease friction during movement
35
What’s a tendon sheath
Elongated bursa wraps around tendons
36
Describe three factors that determine the stability of a synovial join
1 gliding of bone across another 2 angular movements 3rotation about a bones long axis
37
Gliding
Sliding the flat surfaces of 2 bones across each other
38
Flexion
Decreasing angle between 2 bones
39
Extension
Increasing angle between bones
40
Abduction
Moving limb away from body midline
41
Adduction
Moving limb towards body midline
42
Circumduction
Moving limb/finger so it makes a cone in space
43
Medial rotation
Rotating towards medial plane
44
Lateral rotation
Rotating away from medial plane
45
Elevation
Lifting body part superiorly
46
Depression
Moving body part inferiority
47
Protraction
Moving part in anterior direction
48
Retraction
Moving body part in posterior direction
49
Supination
Roatating | forearms so palms face anteriorly
50
Opposition
Moving the thumb to touch tips of other fingers
51
Inversion
Turning side of foot medially
52
Eversion
Turning side of foot laterally
53
Dorsi flexion
Lifting toe to shin
54
Plantar flexion
Toe to floor/ heel up
55
What are the four properties of muscle tissues
1contractility 2excitability 3extensibility 4elasticity
56
What are the four functions of muscle tissues?
1produce movement 2 open and close passage ways 3 maintain posture and stabilize joints 4generate heat
57
prefixes indicate muscle
Myo/my sand sacro
58
What are the three “sheaths” or connective tissue membranes that surround skeletal muscles?
Epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium
59
What is the major connective tissue in each membrane for muscle
Dense irregular connective tissue in epimysium Blood vessels in perimysium Loose C.T in endomysium
60
Which membrane in muscle is the most superficial?
Epimysium
61
Which membrane is deepest?
Endomysium
62
What is a fascicle?
Group of muscle fibers
63
What is fascia?
A fibrous membrane that wraps around muscles, muscle groups, large vessels and nerves
64
Define origin and insertion.
Origin is direct attachment | Insertion is indirect attachment
65
prime mover definition
Agonist (causes you agony) | Largest workload, responsible for movement
66
Antagonist definition
Creates resistance, prevents overshoot
67
Synergistic definition
Helps prime movers | Adds force, stabilizes
68
Fixators
Stabilizers that immobilize bone
69
Muscle fibers
- Long cylindrical cells that are huge cells, 10-100um in diameter - multinucleate with peripheral nuclei. - striated
70
How are skeletal muscles controlled and state what goes within the process
Each fiber must be associated with a motor neuron, which provides the stimulus to contract.
71
How is an aponeurosis different from a tendon?
Aponeurosis attaches muscle to muscle and is sheet like/broad Tendons attach muscle to bone and are strap like/thin
72
Satellite cells
Children-help grow and can repair damaged cells | Adults-are fewer and less effective satellite cells.
73
An increase in muscle diameter is ......
usually due to an increase in fiber diameter, not an increase in the number of fibers.
74
fibers in one muscle have similar.....
Lengths but different diameters
75
myofibrils
- long protein rods packed in the sarcoplasm - extend entire length of cell. - are striated - are perfectly aligned with each other.
76
There are three basic types of myofilaments.
- Thin has actin protein - Thick has myosin protein - Elastic has Titian protein
77
sarcomere
structural unit that extends from one Z-disc to the next Z-disc.
78
form a Z-disc / Z-line
Thin filaments
79
form an M-line
Thick filaments

Anatomy (9 decks)

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