Test 2

Question 1

CER

Answer 1

the generation and synthesis of evidence that compares the benefits and harms of alternative methods to prevent diagnose treat and monitor a clinical conditions or to improve the delivery

Question 2

1972

Answer 2

Office of Technology Assessment; advised congress on the effectiveness of healthcare

Question 3

1975

Answer 3

national center for healthcare technology; endorsed research on a team

Question 4

1989

Answer 4

Agency for Healthcare Policy and Research aka Agency for healthcare Research and Quality; led to 2003

Question 5

2003

Answer 5

the medicare prescription drug, improvement and modernization act; facilitate the development of evidence and update practice guidelines

Question 6

2010

Answer 6

Patient Centered Outcomes Research institute

Question 7

American Recovery and Reinvestment Act

Answer 7

Feb 2009; increased CER by 1.1 billion; federal coordinating council for CER

Question 8

federal coordinating council

Answer 8

to assist agencies of the federal government in coordinating comparative effectiveness and related health services research; includes AHRQ, NIH, CDC, CMS, FDA, VA

Question 9

coordination functions

Answer 9

research infrastructure, workforce development, methods development

Question 10

efficacy

Answer 10

extent to which a healthcare intervention is beneficial when administered under optimal circumstances

Question 11

effectiveness

Answer 11

extend to which a healthcare intervention does more good than harm in real world patient populations

Question 12

tenets of CER

Answer 12

from patient perspective or population perspective
compares at least 2 alternative methods
describes the results at the population and subgroup levels
measures outcomes
employs methods and data sources appropriate for the decision of interest
conducted in settings similar to where the intervention will be used

Question 13

different types of data sources utilized in CER

Answer 13

experimental studies
prospective observational studies
retrospective studies
decision models with or without cost information
systematic reviews of existing research including meta analysis

Question 14

stakeholder

Answer 14

individual organization or communities that have a direct interest in the process and outcomes of a project research or policy endeavor

Question 15

stakeholder

Answer 15

represent a broad range of individuals selected to create a shared understanding and make effective decisions; patients and consumers, clinicians, healthcare providers, payers and purchasers, policymakers, regulators, life science industry, researchers, research funders

Question 16

race

Answer 16

ones physical characteristics and or genetic/biological makeup; social construct; associated with superiority and inferiority; 15 on the last census

Question 17

ethnicity

Answer 17

characteristic of ppl who share a common and distinctive racial, national, linguistic, or cultural heritage; geographic origins, religion, roles, patterns, etc; 2 on the last census

Question 18

culture

Answer 18

integrates pattern of human behavior; passed from generation to generation, a given person can have numerous of these; changes overtime

Question 19

3 ways culture can effect a persons health and experiences of healthcare

Answer 19

perceptions of health and illness
beliefs about why and how illness occurs
health behaviors 
how symptoms are described and how concerns are expressed 
how treatment is pursued and followed

Question 20

unconscious bias exists

Answer 20

acquiring and storing social knowledge fro experiences and learning

Question 21

2 or more ways health care providers can minimize the harmful impact of their biases

Answer 21

stereotype replacement
counter stereotypic imagining
individualization
perspective taking
increasing opportunities for contact with individuals from different groups
partnership building

Question 22

CLAS standards

Answer 22

culturally and linguistically appropriate services; dept of health and human services as a way to improve quality of services provided to all individuals which will help achieve health equality

Question 23

TOC

Answer 23

transitions of care; movement of patient within a healthcare system or between healthcare systems and providers to receive care

Question 24

pre discharge

Answer 24

med rec
patient education
discharge planning
scheduling of followup appointments

Question 25

post discharge

Answer 25

follow up phone call communication with ambulatory provider home visits

Question 26

bridging

Answer 26

transition coach patient centered discharge clinical continuity with inpatient / outpatient providers

Question 27

patient groups at risk

Answer 27

``` older adults persons with limited health literacy terminal patients children with special needs patients taking more than 5 meds cognitive complex medical behaviors health conditions patients with disabilities lower patient incomes new admits LTCF homeless ```

Question 28

pharmacists roles and responsibilities

Answer 28

medical reconciliation participate in rounds evaluate appropriateness of drug regimen anticipate and resolve drug problems communicate changes in drug therapies to providers adapt teaching of drug regimen to level of education/literacy preform hoe visits review automated refill programs help with interpretation of discharge paperwork assist with third party formulary review and selection of covered medications for patients

Question 29

plan for improving medication management during TOC

Answer 29

start patient education earlier use established educational techniques follow up with patient after discharge

Question 30

health literacy

Answer 30

the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain process and understand basic health information needed to make appropriate health decisions

Question 31

federal health literacy initatives

Answer 31

Section 3507 of the ACA - label and print advertising | Healthy Ppl 2020 - increase reports easy to understand instructions, repeating back directions, help fill out forms

Question 32

other national initiatives

Answer 32

National Action Plan to improve health literacy - goal that health services are delivered in ways that are easy to understand and that improve health longevity and quality of life health literacy online health literacy workgroup

Question 33

health literacy initiative in Alabama

Answer 33

alabama health literacy initiative

Question 34

health literacy resources for pharmacists

Answer 34

``` AHRQ patient assessment tools pharmacist specific: AHRQ Pharmacy Health Literacy Center CDC health literacy Health care providers collaborate health literacy tool shed ```

Question 35

cost of health literacy

Answer 35

``` increased hospital visits and admissions increased prevalence and severity of chronic disease states increased mortality increased med errors decreased preventative services ```

Question 36

prevalence of health literacy

Answer 36

80 million US adults | 12% of US adults are expected to have proficient or effective health literacy

Question 37

5 steps in which a pharmacist can help execute to help improve the health literacy of a community

Answer 37

identify patients at risk for health literacy conduct screenings evaluate how pharmacy setting is set up to serve patients with limited health literacy conduct a feasible interventions to target all levels of health literacy conduct interventions to targeted patient populations consistently evaluate health literacy change to validate efficacy