Test 2 Flashcards

Question

August Hermann Francke

Answer 1

* August Franke (1665-1727) - Church pietism. He had many doubts about his Christianity as he grew up and eventually even doubted the existence of God. Prayed for God to reveal himself. Depended upon divine providence. Taught at University at Leipzig in Hebrew. He eventually had a “conversion experience” while preparing for a sermon on John 20:31. He said real Christianity had to have such a conversion experience and an awakening like himself. He taught this and got in trouble and kicked out. He went to Halle and this became the institution for pietism in Lutheranism. He influenced the training of pastors in a pietistic way. * This area also set up and orphanage, a place for widows, boarding house for poor students, and other such charitable institutions. He was a good administrator in this. They also pushed missions and became a center for Protestant missions. And sent some of the first Lutheran missionaries to America. * The mission performed was to the unbeliever and to the baptized. In the baptized you are looking for and awakening and a felt experience. Of sin, a felt sorrow for your sin and an awakening of what your Christianity is to you in the light of God’s grace. * What drives Franke is a post-millennialism movement. Some orthodox theologian generally opposed foreign missions in that fact that the great commission was assigned to the apostles, or completed by them.

Answer 2

* Zinzendorf (1700-1760) - Pietism extended past the Lutheran church. Was for all branches of the church. Not as gloomy as other pietists. Let the joy of Jesus bloom in your heart. Different kind of inner experience and a different type of life style. From minor nobility. Was Spener’s Godchild. AT age of 10 he went to Holle and was a gifted scholar and influenced by Franke. His conversion experience was more romantic than Franke and came from the contemplation of a picture Eka Homo. Jesus in the crown of thorns. “All this I did for you, what are you doing for me?” Wanted to serve the church and did. Became ordained and came in contact with a band of persecuted Christians from Moravia. Hussite left overs. In 1722 he opened his estate Herrnhut (The Lord’s Watch) to a group of Moravians who were followers of Hus. A church forms from this and is sometimes called the Herrnhuts. He is considered as the re-founder of the Moravian Brotherhood but they really influence him and they became his model for Christian renewal all over. * Zinzendorf Theology - Didn’t write creeds and confessions but more interested in worship and life style. Apostolic practice should be the norm in worship. Re-introduced foot washing, love feasts, kiss of peace, casting of lots. He thought Christians were to live in community so you had to give up a private household. He organized communities into households based on age and occupation. Wrote much for Christians to use to encourage each other. His emphasis was on “Jesus.” Christology was cental to all but not set in the person of Jesus but meditation on the suffering of Jesus. Emphasis on the blood and wounds of Jesus. His followers were “little bloodworms in the pool of grace.” Used sensual and sexual images. Ran with the idea of the bride of Christ. He fit in the Trinity with the Father, Holy Spirit (mother), Jesus the Son, the Church as conceived in the wounds of Jesus and God’s daughter-in-law. In his later years he repented for his familial and sensual imagery but never gave of his “religion of the heart.” Communion of Christ in communion with others. Had a great influence on Wesley and the beginnings of Methodism.

Answer 3

* Enlightenment - The Age of Reason * A new way of looking at the world and man’s position in the universe and became dominant over time (modern thinking). Prior to this the ordinary man viewed the world as a place permeate by spiritual reality - God and Satan - and were the direct cause of blessings and cursings of man. In the 18th century there was new thinking - scientific, naturalistic, secular, etc. The universe as man experiences make sense with out using spiritual causes. Man can use reason to find causes of phenomenon in their lives. Once having figured out the reasons to change things and improve the lot of human beings. Not atheistic, per se. Early thinkers were definitely not atheists but they radically de-spiritualized the universe. God may be the ultimate cause and spiritual forces may be active but in everyday life you really could live on rational thinking - Christian or not. The scientific method is at the heart of this movement and doesn’t depend on the Christian. The application of scientific methods to all of life. Today there is a great deal of skepticism on this approach since people can do such science but should they? * * Some root enlightenment thinking in late scholasticism and their use of observation. More likely tied to the natural sciences astronomy and physics in the 16th and 17th centuries. Thinking that challenged modern authority - you can understand nature with your intellect and nature follows natural laws. In astronomy the driving name was Ptolemy (200 A.D.) who developed a system to predict the movement of the heavenly bodies. The earth was center and all heavenly bodies were in the crystal spheres. System was too complicated and was overridden by the theory of Copernicus with the Sun at the center. This theory replaced and updated by Brahe and Kepler. Brahe’s data was used by Kepler to formulate three mathematical laws of planetary motions. One law showed that planets orbited on an elliptical orbit not a circular one. The big thing is that the universe works in a way man can understand. Copernicus was dismissed by both Protestants and Catholics because the bible said the Sun went around the Earth. * * The Catholic church tangled with Galileo (1564-1642). Galileo’s observations went against Ptolemy and Aristotle. He also did this during the time of the counter-reformation (not good timing). Galileo used the printing press to publish his ideas and to challenge Catholic authorities. Ecclesiastical leaders used the bible and Galileo says that God was using these terms in the bible to explain the world to people in ways they could understand at the time. He was charged with heresy and Galileo was forced to recant. * * Isaac Newton (1642-1727) - University of Cambridge and the Royal Academy. The Law of Gravity. Wrote Principia on mathematical formulations for the universe. The same force of gravity was at work in the whole universe to explain their movements. Our corner of the universe is characteristic of everywhere. The law of gravity was universal and simple. The mind of man now understood one of God’s basic designs to the universe. People then decided to see if everything else could be understood in a similar way. Newton triggered the Enlightenment. * * Francis Bacon - Prior to Newton. He described the scientific or empirical model as the basis of knowledge. Carefully observe, take careful data, detect a pattern and call it a hypothesis, then experiment to check the hypothesis. Inductive logic or reasoning was systematized. Don’t go by accepted authority, check it out. Father of British Empiricism. * * Rene Descartes (1596-1650) - French mathematician and philosopher. He made skepticism popular. How can I know something is true? Don’t accept anything unless everyone accepts it that no one can offer a reasonable alternative. He finally realized that there was one undoubted truth and that was that he doubted. Cogito ero sum. From there he tried to derive other undoubted truths. Distinguished between evidence of the senses, which could be mistaken, and the conclusions of the mind which are certain. Father of Rationalism. Traditional authorities are again replaced by the individual.

Answer 4

* Rationalism was in one respect a response to the 30 years war. People saw it as a religious war and a great deal of cynicism. As a result science said if you can’t see, feel or touch it (matters of faith) you better take another look at it. God as the great clockmaker. The church in rationalism sees God in relation to a moralism. Church is the teacher for good society and works in a symbiotic relationship with the state. * Rene Descartes (1596-1650) - French mathematician and philosopher. He made skepticism popular. How can I know something is true? Don’t accept anything unless everyone accepts it that no one can offer a reasonable alternative. He finally realized that there was one undoubted truth and that was that he doubted. Cogito ero sum. From there he tried to derive other undoubted truths. Distinguished between evidence of the senses, which could be mistaken, and the conclusions of the mind which are certain. Father of Rationalism. Traditional authorities are again replaced by the individual.

Answer 5

* Comes from rationalism * Reason gives you something even simpler * Father of Deism - Lord Herbert of Cherbury (1500s) * Build into every man - There is a God - He ought to be worshiped - if virtue is virtue is ought to be rewarded, so there must be an afterlife to reward or punish * Many founding fathers were Deists

Answer 6

* Isaac Newton (1642-1727) - University of Cambridge and the Royal Academy. The Law of Gravity. Wrote Principia on mathematical formulations for the universe. The same force of gravity was at work in the whole universe to explain their movements. Our corner of the universe is characteristic of everywhere. The law of gravity was universal and simple. The mind of man now understood one of God’s basic designs to the universe. People then decided to see if everything else could be understood in a similar way. Newton triggered the Enlightenment.

Answer 7

* 1596-1650 * French mathematician and philosopher. He made skepticism popular. How can I know something is true? Don’t accept anything unless everyone accepts it that no one can offer a reasonable alternative. He finally realized that there was one undoubted truth and that was that he doubted. Cogito ero sum. From there he tried to derive other undoubted truths. Distinguished between evidence of the senses, which could be mistaken, and the conclusions of the mind which are certain. Father of Rationalism. Traditional authorities are again replaced by the individual. * French mathematcian * Father of modern philosophy * Cannot rely upon the senses * Deductive reasoning - start with postulates and move to specific situations * Postulate #1 - "I think therefore I am" (doubting) * Objective versus subjective - it isn't true unless it is true to me * Mathematics

Answer 8

* 1561-1626 * Prior to Newton. * He described the scientific or empirical model as the basis of knowledge. Carefully observe, take careful data, detect a pattern and call it a hypothesis, then experiment to check the hypothesis. Inductive logic or reasoning was systematized. Don’t go by accepted authority, check it out. Father of British Empiricism. * Scientific Method * Empiricism - observe it, as many instances as you can and articulate the phenomenon as best you can * Develop hypothesis and go back and test it * Evidence based - no preconceived notion - look at data * Inductive - from specific to the general

Answer 9

* 1694-1778 * Skeptical Enlightenment * French Catholic * As a Frenchman, he was highly critical of the French Papist church and saw many of its abuses, the uneducatedness of its clergy, the superstition of the people, etc. * Exiled to England - like Locke and Newton - early voices on French Enlightenment through his writings * Then went to Prussia - met Frederick the Great - Enlightened Monarch - Frederick and Voltaire were equally arrogant - didn't last long in Prussia * Most famous for novels - Candide -

Answer 10

* 1711-1776 * Enlightement thinker * Skeptic and Philisophic * Reduced reason to the product of experience * British Empirical School of Locke * Experience or idea of human experience * Possible to know ideas but can't prove them - you don't know something until you experience it - after you experience it you can know it * Uses skepticism - ***"It is contrary to experience that a miracle should be true, but not contrary to experience that testimony be false."*** * David Hume (1711-1776) - A Scott. He was an agnostic. Used persuasive arguments as opposed to mocking. Wrote a history of England but is seen as the founder of modern skepticism. He said reason is no more reasonable than anything else. That which is in the mind is only from the senses. The experience itself or a memory of it. Once in the brain, ideas themselves are not certain because they are based on sense experiences. Confidence in intellect. There is no absolute. He said causality was just your observation. You only really saw a number of things happen. The idea of God as the uncaused cause is shattered as well as natural theology.

Answer 11

* (1725-91) * Father of higher criticism. Comes out of Pietist Lutheranism from Holle. Rejected the Pietistic religion of his youth. He wanted to use reason and rationality to find out what was true in Christianity and the Bible. He said the Old Testament shows marks of development in religion. He saw to religious traits - Jewish national religion and universal truth. He wanted to separate out the universal truths from the Jewish national religion. He also wanted to show historically how the Christian bible came about. There were elements of truth that were being clouded by superstition. He didn’t believe in prophetic revelation from God but he did believe in prophetic insight.

Answer 12

* (1729-1781) * The name most commonly tied to German Enlightenment The Aufklarung. He was a Lutheran writer but was interested in philosophical and religious ideas. He was a deist. He popularized higher criticism in intellectual circles by publishing the work of H.S. Reimarus (d. 1767). He said he found these writings in Wolfenbuttel and called them the Wolfenbuttel Fragment. The content was not so important as to popularize the ideas of attacking the miraculous parts of the bible. One of his theatrical works Nathan the Wise is on natural religion. It said that at their core all religions are the same. He was a popularizer of rationalism. In another work the Education of the Human Race he argued that the human race was progressing in religion and the traditional creeds will some day no longer be necessary and only the principles will remain since they can be rationally determined. “Lessing’s Ditch” - the accidental truths of history can never become the proof of necessary truths of reason. There are two realms in which people learn - the world and the intellect. What is really true are the intellectual truths. History is in the world and is therefore only probably true. At best the historical data in the New Testament is only probably truth. The ditch is history and it will always separate that which probably true and the truth of rational ideas.

Answer 13

* European theologian. Had been a pastor and became a professor at Basel. His commentary on Romans in 1918 proclaimed the reality of God’s existence and God’s work in human affairs. It was the cornerstone of his message. He accepted higher criticism but he said God revealed himself in the Christ event and the biblical record. What happened with Jesus was an act of the transcendent God for man that meant something. He wrote Evangelical Theology where you see he does not accept traditional Christianity. You can’t systematize Christian revelation into true and false statements because it is larger than human speech or understanding. Sometimes connected with existentialism - things don’t make sense but I am going to act like it does.

Answer 14

* (1792-1860) * Concentrated on New Testament. Founder of Tubinger School. The NT has two kinds of Christianity 1) religion of the Law and Messiah is the lawgiver - thesis 2) the religion of Paul with a focus on grace - antithesis 3) the “Catholic Church” which was a synthesis of the two. With this he dated the books by law then Paul then Catholic.

Answer 15

* (1906-1945) * German Lutheran theologian who came to prominence between the two world wars as a proponent of the ecumenical movement and on account of his view of Christianity’s role in a secularized world. During WW2, he became involved with those who plotted Hiterler’s overthrow and death, as a result of which he was imprisoned and then executed just shortly before the war came to an end. * Theology. Two best known works come for WW2 era, one from pre-war period but when B. = actively engaged in action against Hitler, his Nachfolge (Cost of Discipleship, 1937) and his prison writings, published posthumously in 1951 (English, 1955, Letters and Papers from Prison). In the first of these, in the opening chapters, B. contrasts two forms of grace, “cheap” and “costly”: * Cheap grace means grace as a doctrine, a principle, a system. It means forgiveness of sins proclaimed as a general truth, the love of God taught as the Christian “conception” of God….The Church which holds the correct doctrine of grace has, it is supposed, ipso facto a part in that grace. In such a Church the world finds a cheap covering for its sins; no contrition is required, still less any real desire to be delivered from sin. * This is the opposite of real grace (or “costly grace”) that B. associates with discipleship. “Such grace is costly because it calls us to follow, and it is grace because it calls us to follow Jesus Christ. It is costly because it costs a man his life, and it is grace because it gives a man the only true life.”

Answer 16

* 20 August 1884 – 30 July 1976) was a German Lutheran theologian and professor of the New Testament at the University of Marburg. He was one of the major figures of early-20th-century biblical studies. A prominent critic of liberal theology, Bultmann instead argued for an existentialist interpretation of the New Testament. His hermeneutical approach to the New Testament led him to be a proponent of dialectical theology. * Bultmann is known for his belief that the historical analysis of the New Testament is both futile and unnecessary, given that the earliest Christian literature showed little interest in specific locations.[11] Bultmann argued that all that matters is the "thatness", not the "whatness" of Jesus,[a] i.e. only that Jesus existed, preached, and died by crucifixion matters, not what happened throughout his life.[12] * Bultmann relied on demythologization, an approach interpreting the mythological elements in the New Testament existentially. Bultmann contended that only faith in the kerygma, or proclamation, of the New Testament was necessary for Christian faith, not any particular facts regarding the historical Jesus.[13]

Answer 17

* 17 August 1761 – 9 June 1834) was a British Christian missionary, Particular Baptist minister, translator, social reformer and cultural anthropologist who founded the Serampore College and the Serampore University, the first degree-awarding university in India.[1] * He went to Kolkata, West Bengal, India in 1793, but was forced to leave the British Indian territory by non-Baptist Christian missionaries.[2] He joined the Baptist missionaries in the Danish colony of Frederiksnagar in Serampore. One of his first contributions was to start schools for impoverished children where they were taught reading, writing, accounting and Christianity.[3] He opened the first theological university in Serampore offering divinity degrees,[4][5] and campaigned to end the practice of sati.[6] * Carey is known as the "father of modern missions."[7] His essay, An Enquiry into the Obligations of Christians to Use Means for the Conversion of the Heathens, led to the founding of the Baptist Missionary Society.[2][8] The Asiatic Society commended Carey for “his eminent services in opening the stores of Indian literature to the knowledge of Europe and for his extensive acquaintance with the science, the natural history and botany of this country and his useful contributions, in every branch.”[9]

Answer 18

* (1703-58) - Wanted to stay a drift toward Arminiansim. His Puritan preaching wasn’t working. He started to preach on justification by faith resulted in new enthusiasm for the old religion. Saw this as a sign of the Holy Spirits work.

Answer 19

* (3 August 1770 – 7 June 1840) was king of Prussia from 1797 to 1840. He ruled Prussia during the difficult times of the Napoleonic Wars and the end of the Holy Roman Empire. Steering a careful course between France and her enemies, after a major military defeat in 1806, he eventually and reluctantly joined the coalition against Napoleon in the Befreiungskriege. Following Napoleon's defeat he was King of Prussia during the Congress of Vienna, which assembled to settle the political questions arising from the new, post-Napoleonic order in Europe. He was determined to unify the Protestant churches, to homogenize their liturgy, their organization and even their architecture. The long-term goal was to have fully centralized royal control of all the Protestant churches in the Prussian Union of Churches.

Answer 20

* Johann Albrecht Bengel (1687-1752) * Wrote Greek Commentary * Textual criticism is a branch of textual scholarship, philology, and literary criticism that is concerned with the identification of textual variants in either manuscripts or printed books. Scribes can make alterations when copying manuscripts by hand.[1] Given a manuscript copy, several or many copies, but not the original document, the textual critic might seek to reconstruct the original text (urtext, archetype or autograph) as closely as possible. The same processes can be used to attempt to reconstruct intermediate versions, or recensions, of a document's transcription history.[2] The objective of the textual critic's work is a better understanding of the creation and historical transmission of texts. This understanding may lead to the production of a "critical edition" containing a scholarly curated text.

Answer 21

* University of Erlangen - Published the Erlangen Edition (1826) of Luther’s works - emphasis fundamentals of Lutheranism - lets other points slide * Adolf von Harless - Professor at Erlangen. Kicked out of Bavaria for opposing the kings edict that soldier genuflect at the host in the camp. He said Lutheranism was the true form Protestantism. J. C. K. von Hoffmann and Gott. Thomasius were also part of the Confessional revival.

Answer 22

* Lutheran confessional renewal * In 1817 he republished the 95 theses and added 95 of his own. * Harms was born at Fahrstedt in Schleswig, and in his youth worked in his father's mill. At the University of Kiel he repudiated the prevailing rationalism and under the influence of Schleiermacher became a fervent Evangelical preacher, first at Lunden (1806), and then at Kiel (1816).[1] * Harms's trenchant style made him very popular, and he did great service for his cause especially in 1817, when, on the 300th anniversary of the Reformation, he published side by side with Luther's theses, ninety-five of his own, attacking reason as "the pope of our time" who "dismisses Christ from the altar and throws God's word from the pulpit."[1] * As a musician, Harms sought to restore Lutheran hymns back to their original state. To this end, he researched the original texts from people such as Luther, Gerhardt, and others, hoping to find the original texts for the hymns his people were singing. In this he was mostly successful - the textual reforms he made still remain in hymnals today. He was unsuccessful, though, in restoring the tunes to their original states. The Renaissance-style tunes employed by the early Reformers had largely been smoothed out, such that the lively syncopations common to music of that era had been replaced by simple, plodding meters. His attempts met with early resistance, and he abandoned the project.

Answer 23

* Historian and a higher critic. Son of Lutheran theologian. Taught at university of Berlin. Followed Ritschl. Wilhelm II intervened to make sure Harnack was allowed in to university of Berlin because Prussian church opposed it. * 7 May 1851 – 10 June 1930) was a Baltic German Lutheran theologian and prominent church historian. He produced many religious publications from 1873 to 1912 (in which he is sometimes credited as Adolf Harnack). He was ennobled (with the addition of von to his name) in 1914. Harnack traced the influence of Hellenistic philosophy on early Christian writing and called on Christians to question the authenticity of doctrines that arose in the early Christian church. He rejected the historicity of the Gospel of John in favor of the Synoptic Gospels, criticized the Apostles' Creed, and promoted the Social Gospel. In the 19th century, higher criticism flourished in Germany, establishing the historical-critical method as an academic standard for interpreting the Bible and understanding the historical Jesus (see Tübingen school). Harnack's work is part of a reaction to Tübingen, and represents a reappraisal of tradition. * *

Answer 24

* 1802-1869 * Repristination - Luther and the early Lutherans got it right so in the 19th century one must stick to that.

Answer 25

* (January 2, 1913 – December 7, 2003) was an American evangelical Christian theologian who provided intellectual and institutional leadership to the neo-evangelical movement in the mid-to-late 20th century. His early book, The Uneasy Conscience of Modern Fundamentalism (1947), was influential in calling evangelicals to differentiate themselves from separatist fundamentalism and claim a role in influencing the wider American culture. He was involved in the creation of numerous major evangelical organizations, including the National Association of Evangelicals, Fuller Theological Seminary, Evangelical Theological Society, Christianity Today magazine (of which he was the founding editor), and the Institute for Advanced Christian Studies. The Carl F. H. Henry Institute for Evangelical Engagement at Southern Baptist Theological Seminary and the Carl F. H. Henry Center for Theological Understanding at Trinity International University seek to carry on his legacy.

Answer 26

* (29 November 1898 – 22 November 1963) was a British writer and lay theologian. He held academic positions in English literature at both Oxford University (Magdalen College, 1925–1954) and Cambridge University (Magdalene College, 1954–1963).

Answer 27

* (1808-72) - Tried to out Lutheranism into action. Sending missionaries, using deaconesses, confession and absolution, anointing the sick. Published a Lutheran Agenda. He thought Lutheran doctrine was right but the church needed help at applying it. * Feels cheated by state church * Neo-Lutheran * New context in 19th century - must be done in a Lutheran way * Missions - trains men for the North American field - Germans in America but also the American Indians - Frankenmuth, MI - founded by Loehe as Indian mission * Makes use of women - one of the fathers of the deaconess program

Answer 28

* Presbyterian Church and Machen - There was a battle between liberalism and conservatism. A lot at Princeton. A big name was J. G. Machen. The seminary at Princeton stayed conservative and the denomination wanted to be more accommodating. Machen left and started a new seminary Westminster in PA and their own mission board. Machen said Liberalism was not Christianity but another religion all together. It no longer accepted traditional Christianity. Machen and company were kicked out of the Presbyterian church and formed their own version of conservative Presbyterians. * Their message took off better in Baptist and other circles. Their was also a strong millenialism. Changed the fifth point to the second coming of Christ as opposed to the miracles of Jesus. Machen and others thought the five points should be the common ground for Christians. A new standard for authentic Christians to fight against Liberalism.

Answer 29

* Student Christian Movement - In the late 19th century in the US and elsewhere there was a strong youth movement to evangelized. Dwight Moody held a conference to inspire world wide evangelism and the movement was born from this. 100 of 250 young attendees told Moody they would be foreign missionaries. They want back to university and spread the message and the 100 had become over 2000. These 2000 organized the “Student Volunteer Movement” in 1888. Its chief executive was John Mott. His job was recruitment. The movement spread all over the world and their goal was to evangelize the whole world in their generation. Until 1950 these students from US became 3/4 of US missionaries. Also, youth were brought together from various denominations for a common goal. They built relationships that they carried into adult life and leadership positions with ideals of ecumenicalism. These students were mostly Calvinistic with Arminian leanings.

Answer 30

* Said liberalism was a God without wrath brought a man without sin into a kingdom without judgment through the ministry of a Christ without a cross.

Answer 31

* Pius IX (1846-78) - Was besieged by revolutionaries in 1848 and strove to maintain the papal states and papal authority in the church. In 1870 revolutionaries again took over and took everything but the Vatican. He lost the papal states. He summoned the first Vatican Council (1869-70). On its agenda was the doctrine of papal infallibility. Stripped of temporal power but of the highest religious authority. A small number left the church and formed the “old Catholics.” The decree said that the pope’s definitions of doctrine and morals are on his own, not from the curia, and they are un-reformable. This decree is only for “ex cathedra” pronouncements - thing of faith or morals for all Christians. Tradition is what the pope says it is. ***In 1854 he defined the immaculate conception** (Mary sinless from conception) **on his own authority even before Vatican I.*** Before this many great theologians said this wasn’t true like Thomas Acquinas. A big rebirth of the cult of the saints and the Virgin. In 1950 the pope defined the doctrine of the Assumption. In 1864 he promulgated the syllabus of errors. A set of 80 thesis he described as wrong. Went after everything in the modern world including the condemnation of the idea that the Roman Pontiff should align himself with the modern world. Stuck with this until the middle of the 20th century.

Answer 32

* (1861-1918) - Father of the social gospel. Was a Baptist. Wrote Christianity and the Social Gospel. Emphasized the communal aspect of society. The kingdom of God should be seen temporally. Repentance of social sins and working to a new social order. The duty of the Christian church to proclaim this and restructure society. His model was a socialist society.

Answer 33

* (1822-1889) - Influenced by Schleiermacher regarding subject experience but he emphasised social consciousness. Not the heroic individual but the human community. Religion represents the experience of a group not an individual. The Bible is the written record of this communal consciousness. The center of religious consciousness is value judgements. “Jesus is God” is not a historical fact but a value judgement of the community which believes in him. Not personal redemption but bringing people moralistically into the kingdom of God which was a moralistic way of life.

Answer 34

* (January 30, 1912 – May 15, 1984[1]) was an American Evangelical Christian theologian, philosopher, and Presbyterian pastor. He is best known for establishing the L'Abri community in Switzerland. Opposed to theological modernism, Schaeffer promoted a more historic Protestant faith and a presuppositional approach to Christian apologetics, which he believed would answer the questions of the age.

Answer 35

* F. D. E. Schleiermacher (1768-1864) - Father of liberalism and modern theology. Educated by the Moravian Brethren. Went to Halle. Became a popular preacher. Religion - Speeches to its Cultured Despisers says you need religion because it is an integral part in human existence especially the cultured and learned people. True religion is not moralism or reason but is from our emotion. A sense of awe in the presence of the transcendent. There is the ultimate other. I am small it is big. That is the basis of all religion. His problem is that he has no place for traditional Christian revelation. Everybody has revelation. Those who can feel and articulate it draw followers and that is where organized religions come from. The best example of this was Jesus. You have to scrape off the history to get back at the core feeling. His most work is The Christian Faith. The first of a theme of reinterpreting Christianity in the light of modern thinking. The emphasis is on the individual subjective experience of the transcendent God.

Answer 36

* Life of Jesus research. Wrote Leben Jesu regarding this. The gospels are pure myth developed by the Christian community between Jesus’ death and the second century. Started the quest for the historical Jesus.

Answer 37

* Developed the documentary theory. Four stages of development for the OT - JEDP. Religion evolved from polytheism to monotheism. Judaism emerged from other polytheistic religions.

Answer 38

* John (and Charles) Wesley 1703-91 - meet with fellow students to cultivate piety - others called them Methodists because of how they were living, following rules they believed the Bible prescribes * Tried to plant the Church of England in Georgia - in 1735 returned in 1736 * John impressed by Moravian piety on the boat over to London * He began attending little meetings of pious Christians - Moravians maybe * May 24, 1738 attended little group in London - Luther’s preface to Romans was the reading - felt heart strangely warmed - assurance of sins taken away because of Christ felt in his heart - life changing moment - desired to bring this into other parts of the Church of England * George Whitefield - John Wesley associated with him earlier - Whitefield told him to bypass church since he couldn’t get into a pulpit - go directly to the people * Found method for getting his message across - open air preaching * Wesley and Whitefield were joint leaders - 1741 they were going their separate waysWesley traditional Calvinist - believed in double predestination - but he became an Arminian and preached universal atonementWesley - double predestination made God an author of sin and evil * Told Whitefield that your God is evil

Answer 39

* 27 December [O.S. 16 December] 1714 – 30 September 1770) * Was doing the same kind of preaching and was a better orator and very dramatic. He drew big crowds. He is the driving force of the “Great Awakening” in the US. There were some very dramatic reactions from the crowds. * Wesley and Whitefield disagreed on this and cause a split between them. Whitefield stuck with old style Calvinism. Wesley came to an Arminian position and this became the dominant understanding in Methodism. Universal atonement and personal responsibility. Wesley thought election made God the author of sin.

Answer 40

* (24 August 1759 – 29 July 1833)[1] was a British politician, philanthropist, and a leader of the movement to abolish the slave trade. A native of Kingston upon Hull, Yorkshire, he began his political career in 1780, eventually becoming a Member of Parliament for Yorkshire (1784–1812). He was independent of party. In 1785, he became an evangelical Christian, which resulted in major changes to his lifestyle and a lifelong concern for social reform and progress. He was educated at St. John's College, Cambridge. * In 1787, he came into contact with Thomas Clarkson and a group of anti-slave-trade activists, including Granville Sharp, Hannah More and Charles Middleton. They persuaded Wilberforce to take on the cause of abolition, and he soon became one of the leading English abolitionists. He headed the parliamentary campaign against the British slave trade for twenty years until the passage of the Slave Trade Act of 1807.

Answer 41

* a group of historically related denominations of Protestant Christianity teaching Wesleyan-Arminian theology, which derives from the life and teachings of John Wesley.[1] George Whitefield and John's brother Charles Wesley were also significant early leaders in the movement. It originated as a revival movement within the 18th-century Church of England and became a separate denomination after Wesley's death. The movement spread throughout the British Empire, the United States, and beyond because of vigorous missionary work,[2] today claiming approximately 80 million adherents worldwide.

Answer 42

* A movement on the Catholic church to centralize all power in the pope. Supporters of this were Francis Chateuabriand, Joseph DeMaistre, Felicite de Lamenais. Traditionalism and some liberalism from Lamenais. Popes showed themselves the great foes of modernity in religion or secular arena. Tradition and order.

Answer 43

* The 20th Century * Ecumenical Movement - Historic roots 1) evangelical missions - spread the message of Christ and not denominational differences 2) liberalism and higher criticism.

Answer 44

* Opposing Reaction - Fundamentalism and Neo-orthodoxy (a rejection of liberalism because of its worldliness) * Fundamentalism - Got its name from 12 booklets under the collective title of “The Fundamentals” 1910-1913. Limen and Charles Stuart bankrolled an effort by various theologians to write about the theological issues of the time. These essays would be distributed all over the world to clergy. The theologians were all American Protestants who wanted a traditional approach to Christian truth against liberalism. The Presbyterians and Princeton Seminary were a strong driving force. Five points of American Fundamentalism they saw liberalism denying 1) the doctrine of the bible - inerrancy 2) virgin birth 3) satisfaction theory of the atonement 4) bodily resurrection of Jesus 5) the miracles of Jesus. Final 1) Identify People 2) T/F 3) Matching - ‘isms’ 33 at 2 points each 4) Essay

Answer 45

* Liberalism - The movement within 19th century western Christianity that is optimistic and moralistic that reduces Christianity to generalizations. Religion is not a truth system. There is something of value in Christianity of sentimental value like love of God and love your brother that must be extracted. * Not in what you know but in what you experience - doesn't reject what you know but what you know and feel validates you and leads you to recognize and acknowledge there is a God * Immanence of God * Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) - German idealism. Lutheran by background but accepted 18th century rationalism. In Critique of Pure Reason a person cannot know God by reason or senses. He thought ideas about God could be validated by moral sense or conscience. * George Hegel (d. 1831) - German idealism which has the mind creating reality out of the physical world. Professor of philosophy in Berlin. Tried to create a system that explains everything. Reality is not something the mind must grasp but something the mind creates. Minds can learn because the universe is rational and can be learned. The reality of the universe is mind, rationality, and ideas.

Answer 46

* A treatment of the Bible to understand its origin and content from human experience as we do with other literature. * Johann Salomo Semler (German Lutheran) (1753-91) * Pietist * Needed reason in order to discriminate between what was good and bad - what was eternally valid - not authoritative * OT had a history that you needed to understand to find out what was good and valid * Separate the good from the bad * G. E. Lessing - created major stir by editing and publishing Reimarus (after death) - early higher critical writings

Answer 47

* Romanticism (also known as the Romantic era) was an artistic, literary, musical and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century, and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate period from 1800 to 1850. Romanticism was characterized by its emphasis on emotion and individualism as well as glorification of all the past and nature, preferring the medieval rather than the classical. It was partly a reaction to the Industrial Revolution,[1] the aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment, and the scientific rationalization of nature—all components of modernity.[2] It was embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music, and literature, but had a major impact on historiography,[3] education,[4] the social sciences, and the natural sciences.[5][not in citation given] It had a significant and complex effect on politics, with romantic thinkers influencing liberalism, radicalism, conservatism and nationalism.[6] * The movement emphasized intense emotion as an authentic source of aesthetic experience, placing new emphasis on such emotions as apprehension, horror and terror, and awe—especially that experienced in confronting the new aesthetic categories of the sublimity and beauty of nature. It elevated folk art and ancient custom to something noble, but also spontaneity as a desirable characteristic (as in the musical impromptu). In contrast to the Rationalism and Classicism of the Enlightenment, Romanticism revived medievalism[7] and elements of art and narrative perceived as authentically medieval in an attempt to escape population growth, early urban sprawl, and industrialism.

Answer 48

* At Oxford a movement (The Oxford Movement) arose to check these efforts to disestablish the C of E. John Keble was a leader of this movement. They started a romantic revival to go back to medieval Protestant church. They reviewed doctrine and liturgy. Centralized high church, central episcopacy, etc. before the C of E looked more like common Protestantism. Keble preached a sermon on National Apostasy against the Whig government. Started a movement against the changes from the government and to renew along old church lines. Tracts for the Times (1833-41), inspired and partially written by ***John Henry Newman (1801-90),*** tried to stem the tide of political changes. The tracts objective was to define that the C of E was of divine origin by using the argument of apostolic succession. Romantic notion of going back to the beginning as opposed to the rational idea of basing it on true doctrine. The other thing the movement did was to support the Book of Common Prayer as the C of E’s roots back to the medieval church. Newman was the vicar at Oxford and was enamored by the church fathers. He wanted to put the C of E as a midway between the Roman church and the Protestant church. It made the distinction with Protestants as being tied to the early fathers. The C of E was thought of Anglo-Catholicism. In the last Tract #90 he wrote that the 39 articles did not condemn the sacramental system (transubstantiation). Caused a big cry in the C of E and the tract was condemned. The C of E bishop told Newman to stop talking about this. In 1845 Newman resigned the C of E and went to the Roman church and became a priest. He eventually became a Roman Cardinal. Some of Newman’s works are Apologia pro vita sua (a defense of his own life and his move to Catholicism), A Grammar of Assent (how do we assent to religious propositions based on experience and intuition), The Idea of a University.

Answer 49

* People started talking about working to remove distinctions between different denominations. There was also a move to a united Germany and a united religion. Prussia became a driving force for unification. Eventually formed the second Reich under Wilhelm I and Bismark. * Before this the ruling family the Hohenzollern were Reformed but the ruled over a majority of Lutheran people and churches. Frederick Wilhelm III (king of Prussia) was a Pietist Reformed and his wife was Lutheran. He thought that Lutherans and Reformed should come together against rationalism. F W III thought it would be voluntary and he only enforced it at court and in the military. F W III said you could keep to your Confession but you still had to work and commune together. This preserved theology but made it secondary. About 2/3 of the Prussian churches went along with this union. This facilitate the union the king introduced in 1821 a new Agenda (book of Worship) which he commanded to replace the agendas of the Lutheran and Reformed churches. It had elements in the Eucharistic liturgy that made concessions to Reformed. In 1830 F W III made the Union mandatory. Many didn’t go along and it sparked a Confessional revival and many Lutherans left the state church. In 1840 F W III died and F W IV took over and said the union was a mistake and permitted “free churches”. J.A.A. Grabau started such free churches in US. The free churches in Germany was independent of the state and F W IV made them legal.

Answer 50

* Evangelical Movement in America * Called the “Great Awakening.” Methodists and Baptists became major denominations and revivalism (preaching for conversion) and evangelicalism became a mainstay of American Protestantism. * Jonathan Edwards (1703-58) - Wanted to stay a drift toward Arminiansim. His Puritan preaching wasn’t working. He started to preach on justification by faith resulted in new enthusiasm for the old religion. Saw this as a sign of the Holy Spirits work. * George Whitefield - Brought his message of revival to Georgia and other places. Used the press to his advantage. Ben Franklin was a friend and supporter. In 1740 he visited New England and there were large enthusiastic crowds. Very emotional itinerant preacher. Found religion in America - the congregations are dead because dead men preached to them. Other itinerant preachers were Gilbert Tennent and James Davenport. * The idea was that after the revivalists came to town the local preachers were to take over. Thousand of people did come to organized religion and they questioned both the people who already were members and their preachers. Therefore, many separated to form their own churches. Many others reevaluated the sacraments as signs of conversion. Went from congregationalist, to separated congregationalist, to Baptists. Many of the congregationalists who stayed behind became Unitarian. * Dwight Moody was a strong American evangelical revivalist. Spread the message around US and back to England. Evangelicalism has long and deep roots in America.

Answer 51

* Neo-orthodoxy, in Christianity, also known as theology of crisis and dialectical theology,[1][2] was a theological movement developed in the aftermath of the First World War. The movement was largely a reaction against doctrines of 19th-century liberal theology and a reevaluation of the teachings of the Reformation.[3] Karl Barth is the leading figure associated with the movement. In the U.S., Reinhold Niebuhr was a leading exponent of neo-orthodoxy.

Answer 52

* The Social Gospel was a movement in Protestantism that applied Christian ethics to social problems, especially issues of social justice such as economic inequality, poverty, alcoholism, crime, racial tensions, slums, unclean environment, child labour, inadequate labour unions, poor schools, and the danger of war. It was most prominent in the early-20th-century United States and Canada.

Answer 53

* Coinsides with Enlightenment (Church of England) * Ordinary folks - bein evangelized * John (and Charles) Wesley * George * Jonathon Edwards * Great Awakening in America * Rationalism and Deism affected the elites * Industrial Revolution starting 18th century *

Answer 54

* The philosophers of the Enlightenment had forsaken the ancient philosophers long before the artists of the Enlightenment would forsake Greco-Roman styles * But at the end of the 18th-first half of the 19th, the Romantics came along and rejected the standards of the 18th century for a new value system * Appeals were made to feelings and nature, no longer reason and artificiality * Beauty is natural, like a rose, it is observable and wild, this is Romantic beauty; but the Rationalists would prefer a hedge trimmed by a human or a hewn diamond, man’s reason has to influence it * When it came to arts, things went from more collective to individual as well * Before, rich patrons would sponsor musicians, think Mozart or Haydn, but now you get the poor man starving to death working on his masterpiece * Romantics portrayed wild, natural things generallyBut also history came to matter, and not simply antiquity, but the histories of respective peoples, like the British or the French or whoever * The Middle Ages will come to be revitalized in the popular mindset, as this was the history of the Brits or the French or the Germans * This is a reaction against the previous periods’ appeals to the intellect, because that thinking got us the French Revolution and the Napoleonic bloodbaths * When you stirred up soldiers to die for their countries against the massive invading French army, you told them to die for their children and their grandchildren, for their country, their fatherland, you don’t make logical arguments here * Also with the hard existences brought about by the Industrial Revolution, Romanticism provided an escape from the harshness of reality

Answer 55

* John XXIII (1958-1963) - Called Vatican II (1962-1965) which was an ecumenical council. Among the theologians that attended they wanted to change some of the anti-modernism. Gave the task of renewing religion life in the Church. He called this aggiornamento. The council pushed use of the vernacular, the use of lay people in running local churches, spread out church policies about religious observances to the dioceses. Things like fish on Friday disappeared. This had a major impact on Catholics. * Vatican II also changed the relationship of Catholics to other religions. Karl Rahner was a big proponent of ecumenicalism. The mutual excommunications between Latin and Greek churches since 1054 were removed. Catholics began to accept the conventions of the modern world. Many Catholics saw it as making the Catholic church more like the Protestant church.

Answer 56

* Now for the complete opposite of all this, the onset of the godless Enlightenment, which may be the most important topic in this course in terms of historical developmentThis movement will change the worldview not only of the leaders of Western society, but eventually all of the culture of Western society and is pretty much omnipresent here todayIn the 17th and 18th centuries, a new way of looking at the world emerged which we call “modern”As an oversimplification, pre-modern or Medieval man was spiritual; saints, angels, devils, demons, were real and affected the outcome of the lives of men, religious authorities mattered on everything from when to plant crops to the rest of daily life * Christian believed God was interested and active in the affairs of men, of kings, of societies, of entire social systems, and that God intervened directly to make known and enforce His will * But now a new way of thinking arrived that characterized the whole 18th century, which was scientific, naturalistic, secularist, etc., but basically believed the world, the whole universe, as we experience it make sense * Reason can be used to figure things and identify causes without recourse to the supernatural * This is not necessarily atheistic as the founders of this movement were certainly not atheists, but God is still seen as working regularly and routinely through secondary causes * He is behind other things, not on the front line Himself if you will * e.g. you don’t need to be a believer to understand the law of physics, but God still made it * As a result, there is a lot of confidence in science to solve the epistemological problems of our age * Nowadays, many folks talk about a view of “postmodernism” which raises skepticism about these conventions * Yet this is all still rooted in the scientific method to grapple with the fundamental problems of human existence * The Scientific RevolutionSome can trace this emphasis on science back to the Middle Ages, especially in Aristotelian and Scholastic thought * Major astronomers of antiquity were primarily Ptolemy, then Aristotle, who would end up being more important to the Christian world through scholastics * But more definitively, this scientific thinking came to the fore in Astronomy in the 16th century and moved on to Physics and then to elsewhereAstronomy was a major part of thought throughout Christian culture, and this mostly came from Astrology and horoscopes, which many bishops and humanists, notably even Philip Melanchthon, were enthusiastic aboutAstrological predictions merely came from observing the sky on a given day and noticing the constellations and whatnotThrough this method, Ptolemy long before decided the earth was the center of the universe and that all the heavenly bodies, planets and stars, out there were on the edge of a glass sphere which the angels or spirits moved * Yet planets didn’t move quite the same way and were harder to work out, as they ended up being on their own little axis and rotated in their own little way * His system however was convincing enough to last relatively unchallenged for many centuries * But then came along Copernicus (1473-1543), a Polish Roman Catholic priest, who posited what he saw as a much simpler theoryHe put the sun at the center * Many think this is because Copernicus was influenced more by Platonic thought, as Plato had more emphasis on the sun or whatever * But his theory was not completely worked out nor simpleSo a Danish Lutheran astronomer left off where Copernicus began, and his name was Tycho BraheHe had his own observatory on an island in Denmark (he was also nobility) and so with his precise instrument he could make very precise measurements * Brahe disagreed with Copernicus however as he said the earth was still at the center * Then a German Lutheran took Brahe’s data and better articulated Copernicus’ model, and his name was Johannes KeplerKepler put the sun at the center again and found it to be the simplest solution, which he arrived at using Ockhamist principles * Yet this did not take theology so much as careful observation and scientific thinking * But the Copernican-Kepler model ran into theological problems when it came to the Scriptures, specifically JoshuaJoshua says that the sun stood still and rises and falls etc.Luther thought Copernicus was nuts and Calvin didn’t think it could be reconciled with Scripture either * Osiander however was more fond of Copernicus * The one who really ran into opposition was the Roman Catholic Italian Galileo (1564-1642)Galileo thought that people were stupid if they just blindly accepted authority but wanted everything rationally testedHe championed Copernicus’ model, and defended it in Biblical hermeneutics * He argued that the Bible was not a scientific textbook and from a phenomenological point of view we do see the sun moving around the earth; it’s telling what we observe, not a mathematical explanation * “The Holy Spirit did not give us the Bible to teach us how the heavens go, but to teach us how we go to heaven” -Galileo * He accepts the authority of Scripture and doesn’t say it has errors, he just says phenomenological not mathematical * Roman Catholic theologians let Galileo keep doing his thing if he would deem them only hypotheses * But later, new sheriffs came to town and brought him to the Inquisition and forced him to recant his theory on threat of death (he was old at this point) * Thus some Jesuits thought they had prevailed over the scientific revolution, but later they would especially be consumed by it * Methodologies of the Scientific RevolutionThere was Empiricism and RationalismFrancis Bacon (1561-1626), an Englishman, championed Empiricism in the 16th-17th centuries * He was high in the court of Queen Elizabeth * He argued for the scientific method, saying that observation was key and as many observations as possible had to be taken * Then develop a hypothesis and test it * This is inductive thinking, going from the specific to the general * Rene Descartes, the Frenchman, championed Rationalism in the 17th century * He is often described as the father of modern philosophy * He refused to accept anything that cannot be proven without some kind of doubt * He felt empiricism violated this from the get-go as our human sense can get it wrong * The one thing he found he could not doubt was the fact that he himself was there thinking and doubting * So his first postulation turned out to be “I think therefore I am” * But of course he arrived at this experience through doubting, being skeptical, a fairly traditional way of doing philosophyBut certainty is better than doubting, so he will turn back to speaking of God as the alternativeYet all critical thinking in modern thought returns to the I, the it has to make sense to me or it doesn’t matter way of thinking * No matter how objective a truth is, it doesn’t matter until the subject embraces it * Descartes thought this way because he was a premier mathematicianHe talked about how we associate intellectual concept to geometric figures, e.g. of a number line or a parabola on a graph * We see numbers on a page, but this is just numbers on a page unless you know what the numbers represent beyond simply characters on paper * All these previous men were important, but they didn’t really set the movement of the Scientific Revolution in motionBut Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) brought this on a wider scope to the important people of his ageHe was trained by clergymen and sent to school at the University of Cambridge, where he would be known for optics and physics * While Kepler could observe patterns and articulate the principles, he could not answer the question as to why this was * But Newton posited a solution, especially through his Principia or Principles on natural scienceIncluded in this book is his Law of Gravity * The planets revolve around the sun for the same reason you get hit on the head by an apple while sitting under an apple tree * F = G, that is 9.8m/s^2, x m1m2/d^2, etc. scary math don’t think too hard plsPoint is he said the same logic that justifies movement on earth also operates in the heavens, so he said you could then measure the force up there * This equation really is pretty simple, it’s only like two operations of multiplication and division * This made it pretty exciting for people * This man had come up with a law which God used to govern the universe and figured it out, he saw into the mind of God * As a result of the publication and spread of this discovery and the notions that Newton used, people applied this method to other things * Thus the Enlightenment really began here with Newton * But Newton himself eventually quit Cambridge and desired to study more the BibleHe wanted to immerse himself in Scripture and figure it out, but unfortunately he didn’t jive with doctrines that didn’t go over well with the human intellect * He tried to explain the Trinity and thought that someone had introduced the doctrine at some point to corrupt the original * So although he didn’t publish this opinion much, he became a pioneer of the Deists

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