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Test 2 Flashcards

Ch. 6 slide 12 - Ch. 11 Slide 11 (80 cards)

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1
Q

What are the events @ the synapse?

A

AP reaches end of presynaptic terminal
Calcium is released into presynaptic terminal
vesicles move towards release site
terminal releases neurotransmitter
neurotransmitters bind to post-syn membrane receptor
membrane channel changes shape, and ions enter

transporters and enzymes enter synapse to clear and re-set for next AP

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2
Q

What are the three types of synapses?

A

axoaxonic - axon - axon
axodendritic - axon-dendrite
axosomatic - axon-somite

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3
Q

Which type of synapse(s) can increase/decrease chances of AP? Change number of neurotransmitters sent?

A 
Chances of AP - axodendritic, axosomatic
# sent -axoaxonic
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4
Q

Describe an EPSP’s.

A

Excitatory post-synaptic potential
local
depolarize
Na+/Ca++ into cell

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5
Q

Describe IPSP’s.

A

Inhibitory post-synaptic potential
local
hyper polarize
Cl- in/ K+ out

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6
Q

Describe the two Presynaptic potentials

A

pre-syn facilitation
Increases influx of Ca++

pre-syn Inhibition
decreases influx of Ca++

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7
Q

Differences between Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators.

A

Neurotransmitter - released into synaptic cleft, acts on receptors, excites or inhibits, quickness’s and short

Neuromodulator - act at distance, can affect many neurons, slow and long

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8
Q

What are the 3 kinds of synaptic receptors?

A
  1. ligand-gated
  2. G-Protein
  3. G- Protein 2nd messenger
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9
Q

What does an agonist do?

A

bind and mimic

enhance release

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10
Q

What does an antagonist do?

A

bind and block

diminishes releasing

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11
Q

ACl

A

facilitatory/excitatory, depolarize

fast: pns-neuromuscular jx -nicotinic
slow: ans and cns - muscarinic

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12
Q

Glutamate

A

Facilitatory/Excitatory/depolarize
brain works - too much =toxic
Fast: CNS (AMPA most prevalent excitatory in CNS)
slow: NMDA CNS

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13
Q

GABA

A

inhibitory - most prevalent in CNS
hyper polarize
fast: GABAa
slow: GABAb

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14
Q

Dopamine

A

slow acting nt
motor act, cognition, behavior
pleasure - associated with addiction

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15
Q

Norepinephrine

A

slow acting nt
increases attn. to sensory info in and
sympathetic fight/flight

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16
Q

serotonin

A

slow acting nt
blood and perception of P
adjusts arousal

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17
Q

Histamine

A

slow acting nt

inflammation of nt

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18
Q

endogenous opioids

A

peptide

inhibit perception of P

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19
Q

substance P

A

peptide
transmitter/modulator
send signal or enhances route
chronic pain - substance p is overactive

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20
Q

What kind of neurotransmitters are in the PNS?

A

only excitatory

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21
Q

In terms of receptor regulation, what does it mean to “down-regulate?” - re-map

A

decrease chance of AP
inactivate - protein in synapse but not used
internalize

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22
Q

In terms of receptor regulation, what does it mean to “up-regulate?”

A

increase chance of AP
activate - unlock gate and allow ions to flow in
externalize - bring receptor from outside cell into membrane

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23
Q

What does LTP do?

A 
Turns up cell signaling
passive --> active
Ca released by NMDA
AMPA active into post-sun membrane
split into two dendritic spines
less effort required
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24
Q

What does LTD do?

A

Turns down cell signaling
active to passive
remove ampa
less likely to depolarize when glutamate is released

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25
penumbra
cells that fall asleep because of reduced O2
26
``` excitotoxicity glycolysis protease protein enzymes solute ```
``` too much glutamate - too much Ca++ lactic acid> decrease in pH degrade cell protein O2 free radicals cell swelling > pop ```
27
What happens to connection in an axonal injury?
distal axon and myelin degenerates, Mm atrophy
28
collateral axonal injury
``` the denervated is innervated by intact neighbors * ----- * ----- * \--- *----- regenerative sprouting * ----- * ----- * -----/ ```
29
regenerative sprouting
axon and target cell damage, injured axon sprouts * ----- * ----- * -----/
30
Is there final regeneration in the CNS
no
31
recovery of synaptic effectiveness
decrease swelling and wake up sleeping cells
32
denervation hypersensitivity
new receptors at remaining terminals
33
synaptic hypereffectiveness
excessive nt released
34
unmasking of silent synapses
repeated NMDA receptor stimulation AMPA moved into post-synaptic membrane synapse activates
35
What are to times and duration of the stages of development?
Pre-embryonic - conception to the 2nd week embryonic - 2nd week to 8th week fetal- 8th week to birth
36
In which stage does a cluster of cells become suspended from the placenta?
pre-embryonic
37
In which stage does the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm out of the embryonic disc?
embryonic
38
In which stage does the nervous system develop more fully and myelination begins?
Fetal
39
Describe the 3 layers of the embryonic disc.
ectoderm - epidermin, sensory organs and NS mesoderm - dermis, skeleton, Mm, circulation;atory system endoderm - gut, liver, pancreas, respiratory system
40
When does the neural tube form and describe the process.
Days 18-26 1. longitudinal thickening of ectoderm 2. edges of plate fold to become neural groove and folds grow towards each other 3. closes first in cervical region, zips close rostrally to caudally - leaving ends called neuropores open. 4. adjacent cells to neural tube and remaining ectoderm form the neural crest. 5. two rings form inside - concentric
41
Describe the two concentric circles that form inside the mesoderm.
Inner-mantle-gray matter-motor-cell bodies | outer - marginal - white- axons and glial cells
42
What does the mesoderm develop into as the neural tube forms?
somites appear on surface of embryo (occipital to caudal) become the sclerotome (skull and skeleton){, myotome (dermis), dermatome (lateral)
43
What will develop and become peripheral sensory neurons, myelin cells, autonomic neurons, and endocrine organs?
Neural crest
44
hindbrain
pons, medulla, cerebellum, 4th ventricle
45
midbrain
midbrain, cerebral aqueduct
46
forebrain
dicephalon, 3rd ventricle, telencephalon:hemispheres, BG, cerebral cortex, lateral ventricles
47
When does myelination begin and end?
4th fetal month - 3 years peripheral motor neurons -1 month central motor neurons - 2 months
48
mechanoreceptors
detect pressure and stretch
49
chemoreceptors
detect chemical changes | in blood
50
nociceptors
``` detect pain stretch ischemia viscera walls, arterial walls A-delta, C ```
51
thermoreceptor
temp change | hypothalamus
52
What are the two ways that information enters the CNS from the autonomic system?
sc - via dorsal root ganglion | into brainstem - via cranial Nn 7,9 and 10
53
Where does visceral info converge?
solitary nucleus
54
differences in somatic and autonomis
somatic is voluntary, autonomic is not somatic is 1 neuron/auto is 2 somatic is skeletal M/auto is everything else auto visceral organs can fx independently
55
where are cell bodies of sympathetic pre gang efferent located?
T1-L2
56
Where are axons of control located?
Only down to L2
57
Which systems are both s&p, and what others are not regulated?
``` heart-both bowel -both vessels - s sweat - s curvature of lens - P ```
58
How do tonic receptors work?
slow | always receipting as long as stimulus present
59
How do phasic receptors work?
responds to change - fast
60
Name the sensory axons from largest to smallest.
1a>1b>II/Abeta>Adelta>c>III>IV
61
Discriminative touch
A-beta, peripheral to CNS
62
Course touch
A-delta, C free N ending no specialized receptor
63
Temperature
A-delta, C
64
Dermatonal v periphery | spinal n and peripheral N
dermatomal - spinal | periphery-peripheral
65
If the SC is damaged, does a whole are or just a portion lose sensation?
whole area
66
In M spindles, what does the nuclear bag detect?
change in length
67
In M spindles, what does the nuclear chain detect?
length
68
Where are the primary endings found?
1a change of length nuclear bag and chain
69
Where are the secondary endings found?
II length chain
70
What neuron stretches intrafusal fibers?
gamma motor
71
what neuron stretches extrafusal fibers?
a-alpha
72
What axons are the GTO found on?
1b
73
specialized jt receptor
movement and position | II
74
Ligament receptor
tension on ligament | 1b
75
Freen N endings
damage | A-delta, C
76
What uses Large 1a and 1 b sensory axons?
mm, its, tendons
77
What uses medium sensory axons?
muscle spindles II, specialized cutaneous A beta
78
What uses small A-delta?
Free N A-delta
79
What uses unmyelinated small C
Free n endings
80
What is the order of loss with compression of sensory axons?
``` con cold fast pain heat slow pain ```

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