Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology 160 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

(111 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Cells are the fundamental unit of

A

living things

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cell Theory

A

All living things are composed of cells

All cells come from pre-existing cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Most cells are

A

small

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

1 mm Cube

Surface Area, Volume, Surface Area to Volume Ratio

A

Surface Area - 6 sides x 1 ^2 = 6 mm ^2

Volume - 1 ^3 = 1 mm ^3

SA:Vol - 6 mm ^-1 = (6 : 1)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

2 mm Cube

Surface Area, Volume, Surface Area to Volume Ratio

A

Surface Area - 6 sides x 2 ^2 = 26 mm ^2

Volume - 2 ^3 = 8 mm ^3

SA:Vol - 3 mm ^-1 = (3 : 1)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

4 mm Cube

Surface Area, Volume, Surface Area to Volume Ratio

A

Surface Area - 6 sides x 4 ^2 = 96 mm ^2

Volume - 4 ^3 = 64 mm ^3

SA:Vol - 1.5 mm ^ -1 = (1.5 : 1)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Better to be _____ cells than one _____ cell

A

smaller; large

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The cytoskeleton provides:

A

Cell structure

Movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The cytoskeleton is composed of:

A

Protein Fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The cytoskeleton provides:

A

Cell support and shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The cytoskeleton aids in:

A

Cell movement

Organelle position

Anchor cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The cytoskeleton consists of:

A

Microfilaments

Intermediate Filaments

Microtubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

______ helps the cell move and determines cell shape

A

Microfilaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Microfilaments are made of

A

ACTIN monomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Microfilaments:

A

Can shorten or lengthen as more monomers attach or detach (DYNAMIC INSTABILITY)

OR

Interact with MYOSIN to help muscles contract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Microfilaments:

A

Can shorten or lengthen as more monomers attach or detach (DYNAMIC INSTABILITY)

OR

Interact with MYOSIN to help muscles contract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Microfilaments Summary

A

Made up of strands of the protein ACTIN; often interact with strands of other proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

______________ hold organelles in place and are stable

A

Intermediate Filaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Intermediate Filament composition

A

Tough, rope-like, and made of various fibrous proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Intermediate Filaments:

A

Stable and permanent

OR

Important in connecting cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Intermediate Filaments:

A

Stable and permanent

OR

Important in connecting cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

_______ is composed of intermediate filaments

A

Keratin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Intermediate Filaments Summary

A

Made up of fibrous proteins organized into tough, rope-like assemblages that stabilize a cell’s structure and help maintain it’s shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Microtubules form:

A

An internal skeleton and transportation network

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Microtubule Composition
Long, hollow cylinders made of TUBULIN dimers
26
Microtubules can:
Shorten or lengthen as more tubulin dimers attach or detach (DYNAMIC INSTABILITY)
27
Microtubules Summary
Long, hollow cylinders made up of many molecules of the protein tubulin Tubulin consists of 2 subunits, a-tubulin and b-tubulin
28
Microtubules form
the interior of cilia and flagella
29
Microtubules are important in
movement
30
Microtubules ("9+2")
9 doublets of microtubules surround 2 single microtubules
31
Microtubules can be moved by
motor proteins
32
How do motor proteins move microtubules?
DYNEIN slides microtubules past each other, NEXIN stops this (causes cilia to flex)
33
Motor proteins, such as kinesis, can move
organelles
34
How do motor proteins, like kinesin, move organelles?
KINESIN "walks" organelles such as vesicles along microtubules
35
The Extracellular Matrix:
Provides tissue functions in animals Orients cell movement during tissue repair and development
36
Collagen and Proteoglycans hold
cells together
37
Collagen and Proteoglycans:
Form TISSUES
38
Proteins in the cell membrane connect cells to the
extracellular membrane
39
______ connects microfilaments in the cell to the extracellular matrix
INTEGRIN
40
Integrin can:
detach to allow the cell to move
41
Cells can be connected to each other by
Cell junctions
42
Tight junctions connect to
microfilaments Ex.) Bladder
43
Desomosomes connect to
intermediate filaments Ex.) Skin
44
______ ______ allow material to pass between cells
Gap junctions Ex.) Heart muscle
45
Animal Cells:
Eukaryotic Have define compartments
46
Plant Cells:
Eukaryotic Compartmentalized
47
Nucleus
Contains DNA Surrounded by nuclear envelope
48
_______ _______ is a double membrane and has pores
NUCLEAR ENVELOPE
49
Nucleus contains DNA as
CHROMOSOMES
50
DNA is bound with protein to form
CHROMATIN
51
Nucleus is the site of:
DNA Replication TRANSCRIPTION (DNA --> RNA)
52
Where are ribosomes assembled?
NUCLEOLUS
53
Organelles in Endomembrane System
Nuclear Envelope Rough ER Smooth ER Golgi Apparatus Plasma Membrane
54
Ribosomes on the Rough ER carry out
protein synthesis
55
Ribosomes carry out protein synthesis on Rough ER
Translation
56
Rough ER is:
folded membrane sacs connected to the nuclear envelope
57
During protein synthesis, other ribosomes are
free in cytoplasm
58
Rough ER:
transports proteins
59
Golgi Apparatus:
processes proteins and aids in their secretion
60
Where does the Golgi Apparatus package proteins after they are processed?
VESICLES (membrane sacs)
61
Golgi Apparatus has:
stacks of flattened membrane sacs
62
VESICLES walk along _______ to transport proteins within the cell or to the cell membrane
microtubules
63
Golgi Apparatus in animal cells produce:
Lysosomes
64
PRIMARY LYSOSOMES contain:
digestive enzymes
65
How are SECONDARY LYSOSOMES formed?
Primary lysosomes fuse with pockets of the plasma membrane (PHAGOSOMES)
66
_______ can digest the cells own components
Lysosomes (AUTOPHAGY)
67
Main function of Smooth ER
Make lipids (membranes)
68
Smooth ER are membrane tubes connected to
Rough ER
69
Functions of Smooth ER:
Produces lipids Detoxifies chemicals Stores calcium Degrades glycogen
70
Mitochondria transform energy from other chemicals to
ATP
71
_______ have an inner and outer membrane surrounding a fluid-filled matrix
Mitochondria
72
Mitochondria inner membrane is folded forming _____
CRISTAE
73
Mitochondria is the site of
Aerobic respiration
74
______ accumulate and detoxify peroxides which could damage cells
Peroxisomes
75
______ store waste products
Vacuoles
76
In plants, what do vacuoles do?
Fill with water and help support the plant
77
In plant cells, chloroplasts carry out
photosynthesis
78
________ have 2 membranes surrounding stacks of flat membrane sacs
Chloroplasts
79
What are the stacks of flat membrane sacs around chloroplasts called?
Thylakoids
80
________ contain chloroplasts and convert light energy to chemical energy
THYLAKOIDS
81
Extracellular structure that provides support in plant cell
Cell Wall
82
3 Domains of Life:
Bacteria (Prokaryotic) Eukarya (Eukaryotic) Archaea (Prokaryotic)
83
All cells have:
Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Ribosomes
84
DNA location in Eukaryotic/Prokaryotic
E - Nucleus P - Nucleoid
85
Bacteria Cells are (Prokaryotic/Eukaryotic) and don't have a ______
Prokaryotic; Nucleus
86
Most bacteria have a ___ ____ , and many have an _____ _______
cell wall; outer capsule
87
What is capsule used for?
Protection
88
What is only found in bacteria cell wall?
Peptidoglycan
89
In some bacteria, the cell membrane is folded ______
internally
90
Archaea are (Prokaryotic/Eukaryotic)
Prokaryotic
91
Archaea contain:
Nucleoid Cytoplasm Cell Membrane Ribosomes MAY have Cell Wall
92
Key difference between 3 Domains of Life
Bacteria - Peptidoglycan in cell wall Archaea - Membrane lipids are branched Eukarya - Membrane-enclose nucleus
93
Release Energy/Consume Energy?
Exergonic - release Endergonic - consume
94
ATP captures energy from (Exergonic/Endergonic) for the cell to use in (Exergonic/Endergonic)
Exergonic; Endergonic
95
Exergonic processes
Cell Respiration | Catabolism
96
Endergonic processes
Active Transport Cell movements Anabolism
97
______ is used to transfer energy
ATP
98
Adenosine =
Adenine + Ribose
99
ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate
100
ADP
Adenosine Diphosphate
101
AMP
Adenosine Monophosphate
102
Hydrolysis of ____ to ____ releases energy
ATP; ADP
103
_____ reactions transfer electrons and energy
Redox
104
OIL RIG
Oxidation is Loss (of Electrons) Reduction is Gain
105
______ releases energy
OXIDATION
106
Most reduced molecules store energy in _____ bonds
Covalent
107
Oxidation is often also a loss of ____ atoms
H
108
_____ / _____ is an electron carrier in Redox Reactions
NAD+ / NADH
109
NAD+ ---> NADH
NAD+ gets reduced to NADH NADH gets oxidized to NAD+
110
Energy Metabolism (pg. 16)
Glucose is oxidized to CO2 and H2O
111
Energy Metabolism Steps:
Step 1: High Activation Energy Lots of energy lost as heat Many Steps: Lower Activation Energy Lots of energy lost

Biology 160 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions