Test 2 Flashcards
(155 cards)
1
Q
What are the parts of macroalgae?
A
Blade Gas Bladder Stipe Frond Holdfast
2
Q
Are macroalgae vascular?
A
Macroalgae are nonvascular
3
Q
What does the holdfast do? What is the difference between a holdfast and roots?
A
The holdfast anchors macroalgae in place. Roots hold a plant in place, but they are vascular.
4
Q
What is the difference between a stipe and a stem?
A
A stipe is nonvascular, whereas a stem is vascular
5
Q
What is the difference between a blade and a leaf?
A
A blade is nonvascular, whereas a leaf is vascular
6
Q
What is another name for gas bladders? What is an example of a species?
A
Pneumataphores. Sargassum.
7
Q
Are phytoplankton macroalgae or plants?
A
Macroalgae
8
Q
When do algal blooms occur?
A
Algal blooms occur when algae reproduction goes unchecked
9
Q
What is the popular name for Chrysophyta?
A
Gold-Brown algae
10
Q
What are the two main types of Chrysophyta?
A
Diatoms and Coccolithophores
11
Q
What are diatoms shells made of? Where are they commonly found?
A
Diatom shells are made of silica. They are commonly found under boats.
12
Q
What shape are coccolithophores? Where are they commonly found? What are their outside plates made of?
A
Coccolithophores are spherical. They are found in the middle latitudes. Coccolithophores plates are made of calcium carbonate.
13
Q
What is the popular name of Pyrrophyta?
A
Dinoflagellates
14
Q
What are 5 main types of Pyrrophyta?
A
Zooxanthellae Karenia brevis Peridium bahamense Nocticula sp. Gambierdiscus toxicus
15
Q
What is special about zooxanthellae?
A
Zooxanthellae have a mutualistic relationship with corals where they photosynthesize and give energy/O2 to corals, while corals produce CO2 for the zooxanthellae
16
Q
What is special about Karenia brevis?
A
Karenia brevis produces toxic Red Tide during algal blooms.
17
Q
What is special about Peridium bahamense?
A
Bioluminescence
18
Q
What is special about Nocticula sp.?
A
Bioluminescence
19
Q
What organism causes cigatera poisoning?
A
The dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus.
20
Q
What are the three types of Benthic algae in order of depth (shallowest to deepest)? Use both names.
A
Chlorophyta - Green algae (shallowest)
Phaeophyta - Brown algae (middle)
Rhodophyta - Red algae (deepest)
21
Q
What type of algae does kelp belong to?
A
Phaeophyta - brown algae
22
Q
What is Cyanobacteria commonly known as? What is special about it?
A
Spirulina. It grows faster than algae. It used to be known as cyanophyta, even though it is really a different kingdom from algae.
23
Q
What is a carrageenan?
A
Carrageenan is a food additive derived from red algae (rhodophytes) to give dairy products a creamier taste.
24
Q
What is agar used for? Where does it come from?
A
Agar is used to culture bacteria in medical testing. Agar comes from rhodophytes.
25
What are two uses for diatoms?
Diatoms are used in toothpaste. Diatoms are used as a fire retardant in bricks.
26
How do microalgae play in to food chain dynamics?
Microalgae are good for larger organisms
27
How does algae help reefs with sediment binding?
Some rhodophytes are coralline meaning they have a calcium carbonate skeleton. Calcareous Green Algae also plays a major role in sediment bonding for reefs.
28
How do competition dynamics work between coral and algae?
There is often overgrowth on reefs; especially in areas with coral bleaching.
29
What is an angiosperm?
An angiosperm is a plant that produces seeds.
30
Are seagrasses vascular?
Yes
31
What are Florida’s 7 species of seagrasses?
```
Turtle Grass
Manatee Grass
Shoal Grass
Paddle Grass
Johnson’s Grass
Star Grass
Widget Grass aka Ruppia
```
32
What are the Halophila species?
Small grasses
Paddle Grass
Johnson’s Grass
Star Grass
33
What is special about Turtle Grass?
Turtle Grass is the most common Caribbean species of seagrass.
34
What is special about Manatee Grass?
It has a cyclindrical/syringe shape
35
What is special about shoal grass?
Shoal grass does well in shallow waters and can handle exposure at low tide
36
What is special about Johnson’s Grass?
Johnson’s Grass is the only endangered seagrass; only from Sebastian to Biscayne Bay.
37
What is special about Widgen Grass?
Aka Ruppia
Ducks like to eat Widgen Grass. Can survive very high salinity, but it is outcompeted when water quality is good. Small and spindly.
38
What are Porifera?
Sponges
SPONGES ARE ANIMALS
39
What kingdom are porifera?
Animalia
40
Do sponges have tissues and organs?
Not true tissues and organs
41
How many fresh water sponges are there?
150
42
How many marine sponges are there?
5,000-10,000
43
What type of creatures are sponges because they don’t move?
Sessile
44
What is the large hole at the top of a sponge called?
The osculum
Leuconoids have multiple smaller oscula
45
What is in the middle of a sponge? Give all three names.
The central cavity/the spongocoel/the atrium
46
What is the outer layer of a sponge called?
The epidermis
47
What are the main layers of a sponge epidermis from outermost to innermost?
Pinacoderm
Mesohyl
Chanocytes
48
What are the incurrent pores on a sponge’s epidermis called?
Ostium
49
What keeps a sponge stuck in place?
The holdfast
50
What are the main parts of a chanocyte?
Nucleus
Collar w/ Microvilli
Flagellum
51
What is another name for a chanocyte?
A collar cell
52
What is the mesohyl of a sponge?
The semi-fluid matrix where amoebocytes and silica spicules are located. In between pinacolyte and collar cells.
53
What do amoebocytes do?
Digest and deposit and move freely
54
What do chanocytes do?
They keep water flowing by beating their flagella and trap food particles.
55
What do silica spicules do?
They provide structure to sponges
56
What are the three main sponge body plans?
Asconoid
Syconoid
Leuconoid
57
What is unique about the asconoid body plan?
It is basic.
58
What is unique about the syconoid body plan?
It demonstrates complex folding and is bulbous
59
What is unique about the leuconoid body plan?
It has more oscula and intermediary chambers
60
What are the four main classes of porifera?
Calcispongia
Hexactinellida
Demospongia
Sclerospongia
61
What are Calcispongia spicules made of?
Calcium carbonate
62
What creature is a symbiote of Calcispongia?
Shrimp
63
What do calcispongia lack?
Spongen protein
64
How could the texture of Calcispongia be described?
Rigid, not spongy
65
What size are Calcispongia?
They are typically small
66
Where can Calcispongia be found?
Typically in shallow water.
67
What is a common name for Hexactinellida?
Glass sponges
68
How many points do Glass Sponge spicules have?
Six
69
How do the collar cells of Hexactinellida compare to other classes?
Reduced collar cells
70
What color are Hexactinellida?
Transparent
71
Where can Hexactinellida be found?
Mostly in cold water, some in tropics
72
What happens to larvae around Hexactinellida?
Larvae can get trapped
73
What kind of structure does Hexactinellida have?
Lattice structure
74
Do Hexactinellida have spongin protein?
No
75
What class of sponge do 90% of all sponges belong to?
Demospongia
76
What are Demospongia spicules made of?
Silica
77
Do Demospongia have spongin protein?
Yes
78
What body plan do Demospongia follow?
Leuconoid
79
What do Demospongia harbor?
Symbionts
80
What kind of sponges do Demospongia include?
Freshwater sponges and boring sponges
81
What class do boring sponges belong to?
Demospongia
82
What class do freshwater sponges belong to?
Demospongia
83
What “class” of sponge is no longer considered a true class?
Sclerospongia
84
What is unique about Sclerospongia?
These sponges have a calcareous skelleton, silicious spicules, and spongin protein
85
How do sponges reproduce?
Sexually and asexually
86
What type of reproduction is most valued by sponges? Why?
Sexual. It increases resiliency of offspring.
87
How does a sponge reproduce asexually?
The sponge produces a gemmule full of sponge components, usually during the fall months
88
How do sponges reproduce sexually?
The sponges are hermaphroditic. They produce a fertilized egg which becomes a planktonic larvae.
89
What is the opposite of hermaphroditic?
Dioecious
90
What are four ways in which sponges are important?
As a food source
Reef dynamics (competition and construction)
Habitat
Potential source for antitumor and antibiotic compounds
91
What are two types of toxic sponges?
Touch Me Not (Neofibularia nolitangere)
Fire Sponges (Tedania ignis)
92
What is the scientific name of a Touch Me Not? How can you recognize it?
Neofibularia nolitangere. They occur from 10’ to 100’ deep, have a large osculum, and red/orange coloration.
93
What is the scientific name of a fire sponge?
Tedonia ignis
94
What are cnidarians?
Animals with stinging cells.
95
What are the main classes of the phylum Cnidaria?
Hydrozoa
Scyphozoa
Cubozoa
Antbozoa
96
Why aren’t Comb Jellies considered Cnidarians?
They are in Phylum Ctenophora. They don’t have stinging cells.
97
What are the four main organisms of Hydrozoa?
Fire corals
Stinging hydroids
Portuguese man of war
Planktonic siphonophores
98
What does a stinging hydro id look like?
A feathery organism
99
Is a Portuguese Man of War a single organism?
No, it is a colony of organisms
100
What class are considered “true jellyfish”?
Scyphozoa
101
What class are box jellies? What class did they used to be? What is unique about them?
Currently Scyphozoa. They used to be Cubozoa. They have a VERY powerful sting.
102
What class are most corals and anemones?
Anthozoa
103
What is the common characteristic of Cnidarians?
Cnidoblasts/Cnidocysts
104
What are the two main body forms of Cnidarians?
Polyp and Medusa
105
What class is Obelia? Describe its life cycle.
Hydrozoa. Mature polyp ejects Medusas which sexually produces zygotes.
106
Describe a jellyfish’s reproduction.
The mature Medusa releases egg and sperm which become polyps and the polyp colony produces more Medusas.
107
What is a siphonophore made of?
Zooids
108
What are the 6 main parts of a siphonophore?
```
Crest
Pneumataphore
Gonozooids
Gastrozooida
Dactylzooids
Stinging tentacles
```
109
What is a pneumataphore?
A gas filled polyp.
110
What is the purpose of gonozooids?
Reproduction
111
What is the purpose of gastrozooids?
Digestion
112
What is the purpose of dactylzooids?
Locating and catching prey
113
What are six common Cnidarians in South Florida?
```
Fire Coral
Portuguese Man of War
Moon Jelly
Sea Lice
Sea Wasp (Box Jelly)
Berried Anemone
```
114
What organism lives around the Man of War’s tentacles? How does it avoid stinging?
Nomeus fish. Agility.
115
What class is the moon jelly?
Anthozoa
116
When are lea lice most commonly encountered?
Between Mother’s Day and Father’s Day
117
What has the sea wasp caused?
Paralysis
118
What kind of anemone has killed people?
Berried Anemone
119
What are reefs built on?
Skelletons
120
What is the cold water cut off for coral reefs?
20°C
121
Where are reefs usually found?
The warmer east coasts of continents
122
How do coral reproduce?
Sexually and asexually
123
What is a corallum?
A mass of singular coral. Often called a coral head.
124
Where do corals reproduce?
Coralite grooves/cups
125
What connects corals? What is the drawback of this?
Coenosarc. Can spread disease between corals.
126
What is another name for black coral? Why are they called black coral? What are they often harvested for?
Antipatharians. The black skelleton left behind after death. Jewelry.
127
How many tentacles do soft corals have?
8
128
Do soft corals leave behind a calcium carbonate skeleton?
No
129
How many polyps does a soft coral have?
100s of 1000s
130
What unusual organism is included in soft corals?
Sea whips
131
What are 3 types of soft coral?
Gorgonians
Sea fans
Octocorals
132
What is another name for hard corals?
Scleractinian
133
What are the two types of hard coral? Describe them.
Hermatypic. Reef building; possess zooxanthellae.
Ahermatypic. Solitary; lack zooxanthellae
134
What are the three major phyla of Marine Worms? Give both names.
Flatworms (Platyhelminthes)
Roundworms (Nematoda)
Segmented Worms (Annelida)
135
Where can flatworms be found?
Outside/errant
Parasitic inside fishes
136
What is unique about outside living flatworms?
They are very colorful.
137
Where are roundworms typically found?
Parasitic inside fishes.
138
What phylum are vestimentiferan? Where are they found?
Annelida. In deep sea vents.
139
What is unique about annelids?
The are coelomates.
140
What is a word used to describe segmented worms?
Polychaete
141
What are the two types of polychaete worms?
Sedentary
| Errant
142
What are 4 types of sedentary polychaete worms?
Christmas Tree Worms
Feather Duster Worms
Parchment Tube Worms
Vestimentaferans
143
What are sedentary worm tubes usually made of?
Calcium carbonate
144
How do sedentary worms feed?
Filter feeding
145
Where do Parchment Tube Worms live?
Mud flats
146
What are three ways errant worms make a living?
Scavenging, deposit feeding, predatory feeding
147
Are errant worms planktonic or pelagic?
They can be either
148
What are the toxic hair-like projections of errant worms called?
Cetae
149
Are cetae poisonous or venomous?
Venomous
150
What are the prostomium and peristomium of an annelid?
The prostomium is the head w/ mouth parts.
The peristomium is the first segment behind the head where the mouth is actually located.
151
What is at the back of an annelid?
Anal cirri
152
What are parapodia? How are they used by each type of polychaete?
Fleshy projections. Used by sedentary for circulating water. Used by errant to swim.
153
Are polychaetes hermaphroditic or dioecious?
Dioecious
154
What is an epitoke?
A repository segment for sperm and eggs which breaks off.
155
What is an atoke?
The unmodified front of body.
