Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

cards > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Rene Descartes

A 
Principiae philosophiae-1644
Earth formed from a star 
-fire, rock, water, air
-topography due to outlayer collapse 
-material escaped and came to surface during hot weather
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Thomas Burnett

A

Biblical
Telluris theoria sacra-1681
Modified Descartes model
-the biblical flood identified with the collapse of the crust
-oceans and mountains are collapsed structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Robert Hooke

A 
Earthquakes and subterranean eruptions 
1705-after death
Mountain at the bottom of ocean 
Cycles of erosion, deposition, slow change cause earthquakes 
-internal heat became exhausted
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

James Hutton

A
  • 1700’s
  • soil is replenished by weathering
  • erosion of land, deposition+consolidation of sediment, followed by uplift
  • cyclical view of mountain building
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Jean-Baptist’s Lamarck

A

Hydrologie 1802

  • earths centre of gravity makes slow circuit around its geometry centre
  • ocean basins make slow westward circuit, redistrute sediments
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Eli de Beaumont

A

on mountain systems, 1852

  • earth has been cooling down
  • shrinking inner earth has caused stress buildup in outer rigid crust
  • crust buckles and forms mountain ranges
  • uplift of mountains is rapid+violent
  • faunal ‘catastrophies’ and extinctions attributed to these violent uplifts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Charles Darwin

A

1800’s
-earthquake generates a 1-2m adult scarp and elevated shorelines
-mountains can be produced by repeated earthquakes over a long period of time
—a unifirmitarisn approach despite catastrophic nature of earthquakes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

James Dana

A

1800’s
Geological results of the cooling
-cooling of molten core leads to irregular contraction
-lateral movements
-continents becomes larger, oceans deeper
Successive pulses of mountains building
-geosyncline filled with sediments
-fulled with sediments, becomes folded into mountain range

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Thomas Chamberlin

A

1800’s-1900’s

  • combined isostasy with thermal contraction
  • during cooling some parts contract more than others
  • continents become elevated and squeezed -faults and folds
  • isostatic adjustment enhances erosion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Alfred Wegener

A

Origin of continents 1912

  1. They float on a sea of magma
  2. They have puzzle piece markings (move)
  3. They are still in motion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Mantle convection

A

Creeping of the mantle caused by convection currents from the core

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Arthur Holmes

A

1931

Mantle convection could force continents towards or away from each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Ott Hilgenberg

A

1800’s-1900’s
The expanding Globe
-argues earths expansion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Tutorial Wilson

A

1990’s
1960 argued for expansion
Plausible causes-decrease in gravitational constant-phases change within earth
Effect-circumference increased by 1,100 miles-average rate of 0.5mm/y
Consequences-only mid-ocean basin have grown throughout time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Robert Dietz

A

1961 paper
-continents and ocean evo. by spreading ocean floor
Argument-cause-large scale thermal convection overturn in mantle, driven by radioactive decay heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Keith Runcorn

A

Fossilized evidence of earths magnetic field in igneous and seditmentary rocks

  • paleomagnetic evidence for continental drift-1962
  • apparent polar wander paths (APWA) really show movement of continents
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Vine-Matthews-Morley

A

1963: explain magnetic bands along MOR
- newly created sea floor magnetized in the direction of the magnetic field, and as a sea floor spreads it records an alternately magnetized pattern.
- caused by reversal of magnetic field

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Seismology was

A

Earthquakes

1889- japan earthquake observed in Germany-along mantle boundaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Sea floor topography

A

Atlanti cmountain range biscovered by German echo technology in WII
-canyon running through it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Harry Hess

A 
Guyotes 
-underwater table mountain
-wave erosion 
History of Ocean Basins 
-formed near MOR, and sink because ocean depth increases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Hot spot tracks

A

Tuzo Wilson (now converted) in 1963

  • support techtonics
  • Hawaii is an example of hot spot track
  • above hot mantle upwelling
22
Q

Transform faults

A 
Wilson-
Pangea apart along pre-existing weakness fracture zone is only active between ridge segments 
-transform
-divergent 
-convergent
23
Q

Mantle Plumes

A

-Jason Morgan 1971
-hotspot formed by plume
Argument for plumes
-basalt of MOR differs from that of hot spots
-topography around hotspots
-hotspot active before cot I split apart

24
Q

1970s velocities

A

Sea floor spreading rates

Orientation from fracture zones+beach balls

25
Leonardo da Vinci
1400-1500 - identifies serpent tongues as fish teeth - argues fossils come from living organisms in sediments Other ideas-fallen stars —glossopatrae tongues of snakes that St.Peter had turned to stone
26
Georgius Agricola
1400-1500 De natura fossilium 1546 =anything dug out -fossils formed by extraordinary action of petrifying juice
27
Palissy
1500’s Collector -ancient organisms -notes that coastal marine fauna corresponds to freshwater fauna -claims that fossil shells and fish lived in cavities within rocks containing saline water -water and fish later petrified together
28
Steno
1600’s Shark head dissection -teeth of modern shark looks like glossopetrae 1669-Prodomus -all fossils which resembled life forms are just that -rocks that look like animal parts: first testable hypothesis on fossils
29
Robert Hooke
1705 (posthumous) book: Fossils are impressions of organisms observed in rock -noted similarity of modern and petrified wood -suggested that new life forms had come into being through geologic time -noted that many fossil life forms no longe exist
30
Lwhyd
1600-1700 -fossils grow from seeds+eggs of plants and animals lodged in rock crevices by rain+wind and activated by heat, saline moisture or other life giving forces
31
John Woodward
-established a systematic collection 1728 book An attempts towards a Natural History of the Fossils of England Hood dissolved Earth’s crust
32
Joachim Jakob Scheuchzer
-1725 unearthed a spectacular fossil near Oeningen, Baden , Germany -1730 book Physica Sacra -home diluvii testis 1758-fish fossils 1811-Cuvier examines fossil Huge salamander 1831- renamed Andrias scheuzeri
33
Georges Cuvier
1700-1800 Compared mammoth jaws to Indian and African elephants -showed that all three were distinct species
34
Stephan J. Gould
1972 | Evolution often happens rapidly during environmental stress, separated by long periods of stability
35
John William Dawson
1846-brought a fossil Green +white layers gathered from Precambrian -identifies as forminifera -proposed name Eozoon Canadense -claims its one of the brightest gems in the scientific crown of Canada
36
Charles Walcott
1800-1900 Interprets stromatolites Described/named Precambrian Names mm-sized black coach disks in Precambrian shales in Grand Canyon as Chuaria Found Burgess Shale fossil site -saucer-sized jellyfish like fossils found at Edicara mine Australia recognized as Precambrian, oldest multi-celled animals
37
Stanley Tyler
1953 invested Gunfint Formation, 2,100 MOR Lron-rich Lake Superior -fine grained black chert w/ stromatolites Slender filaments-tubular bodies Small spheres-spores
38
William Schopf:
1993 paper 3,465+/-5 myr old fossils from Australia -tiny cells like beads on a string -age:bracketed by dates of volcanic rocks
39
Isotope signature
Certain isotopes are referred metabolism | -different fingerprints of organic carbon
40
Genetics
Genetic distance between current life forms
41
Stanley Miller
1900-2000 - earth’s early atmosphere was oxygen free, but rich in hydrogen - lightning would produce organic molecules
42
Charles Lyell
1700’s-1800’s - visit Etna: estimates shells in beds below lava are 100,000 years old - 3 standing columns of a Roman building show bearings of marine organisms - fossils show gradual turnover of species through time
43
Cuvier
First to recognize mass extinction Catastrophic view Denied evolution
44
Lamarck
Species evolved into fossils Principal of faunal succession - rocks deposited in a particular time contain distinctive fossils - each layer contains distinctive set of fossils - individual species of fossil can be used to correlate strata from widely separated places - correction implies simultaneous deposition
45
William smith
- also worked out principal - span of rock layers containing fossil species is called a zone - span of time is called its range
46
Norman Newell
1900-2000 1967 Revolutions in the History of Life -modern look at mass extinction -conceptually equivalent to catastrophism -pointed out 6 mass extinction events in the past 550 million years
47
John Sepkaski
``` Review of entire literature- marine fossil record(1981) -statistical analysis of marine fossils-regular extinction events —Causes— Anoxia -black shakes with pyrite -bottom waters rich in H2S :may indicate global warming Meteorite impact ```
48
Luis Alvarez
1900’s Proposed with geologist son Walter in 1980 that meteorite caused extraction of dinosaurs from clay layer high in iridium discover Ed in Italy -layer around the globe -glassy spherules, shocked quartz crystals, microscopic diamonds -chicxulub crater in Mexico’s Yukatan
49
Human caused extinction
- more babies born in a day - timed with appearance of humans - climate change
50
Preston Cloud
1972 -A working model of the primitive earth -shows interrelated Atmospheric-geological-biological History of Precambrian earth
51
James Lovelock + Lynn Margulis
1969 paper Planetary atmosphere-compositional and other changes associated with the presence of life Evidence-atmospheric composition

cards (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions