Test 2

Question 1

1. Which of the following is Not a characteristic of the Posterior Longitudinal ligament?
   A. Is a downward continuation of the tectorial membrane

Answer 1

True- The posterior longitudinal ligament begins behind the body of C2, the Axis, as the continuation of the tectorial membrane and ends behind the coccyx as the deep sacrococcygeal ligament

Question 2

1. Which of the following is Not a characteristic of the Posterior Longitudinal ligament?
   B. It adheres to the posterior aspects of vertebral bodies and IV discs.

Answer 2

True- The PLL does strongly attached to the posterior aspect of all vertebral bodies but the Atlas, as well as to the posterior aspect of all IV discs.

Question 3

1. Which of the following is Not a characteristic of the Posterior Longitudinal ligament?
   C. Is located at the posterior aspect of the spinal canal.

Answer 3

False- Since the spinal canal is located behind the bodies of the vertebrae, and the PLL is attached to the posterior aspects of vertebral bodies, therefore, the PLL is making part of the anterior wall of the spinal canal and not posterior

Question 4

1. Which of the following is Not a characteristic of the Posterior Longitudinal ligament?
   D. At the end of the Spine, it continues as the deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament

Answer 4

*True- The PLL caudally at the sacrococcygeal area of the vertebral column, or at the sacral hiatus, is called deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament.

Question 5

1. Which of the following is Not a characteristic of the Posterior Longitudinal ligament?
   E. Limits flexion at cervical and lumbar spine

Answer 5

True- The PLL is tightly attached to the posterior aspect of vertebral bodies of the spine. Flexion, the forward bending of the spine occurs at each functional unit (each two adjacent vertebrae and IV disc in between). Also because of the very limited stretching nature of this ligament. In light of the above facts, the PLL does limit flexion at all movable levels of the spine.

Question 6

2. The semispinalis group is characterized by all of the following Except:
   A. Generally originate from the transverse processes of the vertebrae

Answer 6

*True- All three levels of the semispinalis group do take their origin from the TPs of the thoracic vertebrae

Question 7

2. The semispinalis group is characterized by all of the following Except:
   B. They lie superficial to the spinotransversalis muscle group.

Answer 7

False- The semispinalis group lies deep to the spinotransversalis muscle group, not superficial

Question 8

2. The semispinalis group is characterized by all of the following Except:
   C. Their fibers pass over more than five vertebrae

Answer 8

True- The fibers of the semispinalis muscle group are the longest in their Transversospinalis group of the deep back muscles. They span 5 to 7 vertebrae between their origin and insertion

Question 9

2. The semispinalis group is characterized by all of the following Except:
   D. When acting bilaterally, they extend the spine as well as the head

Answer 9

True- The semispinalis muscle group is just like the other deep back muscles that extend the spine when contracting at both sides of the column. Since part of the semispinalis (Semispinalis Capitis) extends to the head, therefore, the head is also extends when the semispinalis capitis activated on both sides

Question 10

2. The semispinalis group is characterized by all of the following Except:
   E. May not extend the entire length of the vertebral column

Answer 10

True- Since there is no semispinalis muscles at the sacral or the lumbar level of the spine, therefore, the semispinalis group does not extend the entire length of the spine.

Question 11

3. The suboccipital nerve

A. Is the dorsal ramus of second cervical spinal nerve.

Answer 11

False- The Suboccipital nerve is the dorsal ramus of the first cervical spinal nerve

Question 12

3. The suboccipital nerve

B. Innervates all related muscles of suboccipital region

Answer 12

*True- Suboccipital nerve (C1 dorsal ramus) does innervate all four Suboccipital muscles and the highest part of the semispinalis Capitis muscle that covers the above region

Question 13

3. The suboccipital nerve

C. Emerges from the inferior aspect of obliquus capitis inferior

Answer 13

*False- It emerges superior to the obliquus capitis inferior muscle.

Question 14

3. The suboccipital nerve

D Is the ventral ramus of first cervical spinal nerve

Answer 14

False- The Suboccipital nerve is the dorsal ramus of the first cervical spinal nerve

Question 15

4. The following ligaments attach to the anterior rim of the foramen magnum Except:
   A. Tectorial membrane

Answer 15

This ligament does attach to anterior aspect of the foramen magnum

Question 16

4. The following ligaments attach to the anterior rim of the foramen magnum Except:
   B. Inferior longitudinal band of the cruciform ligament

Answer 16

False- It is the superior longitudinal band of the cruciform ligament that attaches to the anterior rim of the foramen magnum; where is the inferior band attaches to the body of the Axis.

Question 17

4. The following ligaments attach to the anterior rim of the foramen magnum Except:
   C. Apical ligament

Answer 17

This ligament also attaches to the anterior rim of the foramen magnum

Question 18

4. The following ligaments attach to the anterior rim of the foramen magnum Except:
   D. Alar ligament

Answer 18

False- Both Alar ligaments attach to the medial aspects of occipital condyles that are located on the lateral aspect of foramen

Question 19

5. Which of the following deep back muscles, when acting on one side of the body, plays a role in rotary movements of the vertebral column:
   A. Intertransversarii

Answer 19

False- This muscle group, that extends between the adjacent TPs of the vertebrae, when acting on one side of the spine is going to bend the spine toward its side only

Question 20

5. Which of the following deep back muscles, when acting on one side of the body, plays a role in rotary movements of the vertebral column:
   B. Iliocostalis.

Answer 20

False- This muscle group that extends between iliac crest and the angles of the ribs to the TPs of middle cervical vertebrae is also going to bend the spine on the side of contraction

Question 21

5. Which of the following deep back muscles, when acting on one side of the body, plays a role in rotary movements of the vertebral column:
   C. Spinalis

Answer 21

False- This muscle group, that extends between the spinous processes of the vertebrae, is also going to either extend or bend the spine on the side of contraction

Question 22

5. Which of the following deep back muscles, when acting on one side of the body, plays a role in rotary movements of the vertebral column:
   D. Multifidus

Answer 22

True- This muscle group, that generally extends between the TPs of the vertebrae to the spinous processes above, will not only extends, but also will rotates the spine toward the opposite side of contraction.

Question 23

5. Which of the following deep back muscles, when acting on one side of the body, plays a role in rotary movements of the vertebral column:
   E. Longissimus

Answer 23

False- This muscle group, that is part of the Erector Spinae, acts like the iliocostalis group, that is mostly bending the spine on the side of contraction

Question 24

6. Which of the following ligaments when acting on both sides limit contralateral head rotation
   A. Anterior atlantoaxial ligament

Answer 24

False- This ligament has nothing to do with the head because is located between the atlas and the axis

Question 25

6. Which of the following ligaments when acting on both sides limit contralateral head rotation B. Accessory part of tectorial membrane

Answer 25

False- This ligament also has nothing to do with respect to the head because is located between the atlas and the axis too

Question 26

6. Which of the following ligaments when acting on both sides limit contralateral head rotation C. Alar ligament

Answer 26

True- This tough ligament that extends between both sides of the Dens of the axis and the medial aspect of occipital condyles does limit contralateral rotation of the head

Question 27

6. Which of the following ligaments when acting on both sides limit contralateral head rotation D. Apical ligament

Answer 27

. *False- This ligament connects the tip of the Dens to the anterior aspect of foramen magnum that has nothing to do with head rotation.

Question 28

6. Which of the following ligaments when acting on both sides limit contralateral head rotation E. Anterior longitudinal ligament

Answer 28

False- This ligament that is located in front of the spine, it is too narrow at the top to limit head rotation

Question 29

7. The trapezius muscle (either its parts or the muscle as a whole): A. Functions in superior rotation of the scapulae

Answer 29

True- Both the upper and lower fibers of the trapezius acting together will rotate the scapula superiorly. This rotation occurs when abducting the arm toward the head

Question 30

7. The trapezius muscle (either its parts or the muscle as a whole): B. Derives its innervation from the upper five cervical segments

Answer 30

True- The trapezius does receive its innervation from the upper 5 cervical segments of the spine, the Spinal Accessory nerve.

Question 31

7. The trapezius muscle (either its parts or the muscle as a whole): C. Is classified among the superficial muscles of the back.

Answer 31

True- The trapezius is among the 5 superficial muscles of the back that belong to shoulder girdle

Question 32

7. The trapezius muscle (either its parts or the muscle as a whole): D. Functions in elevation, retraction and depression of the shoulder.

Answer 32

*True- The three parts of the trapezius when acting separately, the upper part would elevates, the middle part would retracts, and the lower part would depresses the shoulder

Question 33

8. All the following describe the supraspinous ligament Except: A. Is the upward continuation of the ligamentum nuchae

Answer 33

*False- The supraspinous ligament is the downward continuation of the nuchal ligament and not the upward ...

Question 34

8. All the following describe the supraspinous ligament Except: B. Is a continuous band that runs from C7 to the sacrum

Answer 34

*True- The supraspinous ligament does extend between C7 spinous process to the sacrum and beyond.

Question 35

8. All the following describe the supraspinous ligament Except: C. Collagen fibers and fibroblasts are among its constituents

Answer 35

*True- All ligaments have collagen fibers and the cells that produce the fibers among their constituents

Question 36

8. All the following describe the supraspinous ligament Except: D. It limits flexion at thoracic spine.

Answer 36

*True- Since the supraspinous ligament connects the tips of the spinous processes together and the ligament itself is very limited in stretching, therefore, it limits flexion at all levels of the spine

Question 37

8. All the following describe the supraspinous ligament Except: E. It is located posterior to the Interspinous ligaments.

Answer 37

*True- The interspinous ligaments are located in front and between the spinous processes of the vertebrae, while the supraspinous ligament is located at the tips of the spinous processes and behind the interspinous ligaments

Question 38

9. Which of the following is Not true of the deep back muscles: A. Nearly all of them are innervated by the dorsal primary rami of spinal nerves

Answer 38

True

Question 39

9. Which of the following is Not true of the deep back muscles: B. Those of the transversospinal group arise laterally and insert along the midline

Answer 39

True

Question 40

9. Which of the following is Not true of the deep back muscles: C. At the level of the thorax, those of the erector spinae group lie immediately deep to the thoracolumbar fascia

Answer 40

True

Question 41

9. Which of the following is Not true of the deep back muscles: D. Those in the splenius group, when acting only on one side of the body, rotate the head to the opposite side

Answer 41

False- Only the Splenius Cervicis can rotate the head to the same side as well as extention, but the Spleius Capitus which only extends and flexes cannot rotate the head.

Question 42

9. Which of the following is Not true of the deep back muscles: E. Those of the erector spinae group typically arise approximately at the same distance from the midline as they insert

Answer 42

True

Question 43

10. Which of the following ligaments is closely related to the interosseous sacroiliac ligament? A. Anterior sacrococcygeal ligament

Answer 43

This ligament extends between the anterior aspect of the sacrum and the coccyx, while the interosseous sacroiliac ligament is the posterior aspect of the SacroIliac Joint. Therefore, the interosseous sacroiliac ligament is not related to the above ligament at all.

Question 44

10. Which of the following ligaments is closely related to the interosseous sacroiliac ligament? B. Long posterior sacroiliac ligament

Answer 44

This ligament is located dorsally and separated from the interosseous sacroiliac ligament by the Short posterior sacroiliac ligament.

Question 45

10. Which of the following ligaments is closely related to the interosseous sacroiliac ligament? C. Anterior sacroiliac ligament

Answer 45

*This ligament extends between the anterior aspect of the sacrum and the iliac fossa, just in front of the synovial part of the SacroIliac Joint. Therefore, it is separated from the interosseous sacroiliac ligament by the synovial part of SIJ

Question 46

10. Which of the following ligaments is closely related to the interosseous sacroiliac ligament? D. Short posterior sacroiliac ligament

Answer 46

This ligament is closely related to the interosseous sacroiliac ligament, because is located just behind it

Question 47

10. Which of the following ligaments is closely related to the interosseous sacroiliac ligament? E. Posterior sacrococcygeal ligament

Answer 47

This ligament is located between the distal aspect of the sacrum and the coccyx posteriorly. Knowing the fact that the interosseous sacroiliac ligament is the posterior aspect of the SIJ, Therefore, the posterior sacrococcygeal ligament because of its distance is not related to the interosseous sacroiliac ligament at all.

Question 48

11. The ------------- is making part of posterior border of the spinal canal A. Cruciform ligament

Answer 48

False- This ligament is located behind the Dens of the axis. It does not make any border for the spinal canal since the tectorial membrane covers it posteriorly

Question 49

11. The ------------- is making part of posterior border of the spinal canal B. Tectorial membrane

Answer 49

False- This membrane making part of the anterior border of the spinal canal at the level of the Atlas and the Axis

Question 50

11. The ------------- is making part of posterior border of the spinal canal C. Ligamentum flavum

Answer 50

True- The Ligamentum flavum which is located between the laminae of the vertebrae, along with the laminae and the Z joint capsules making the posterior border of the spinal canal

Question 51

11. The ------------- is making part of posterior border of the spinal canal D. Posterior longitudinal ligament

Answer 51

False- The posterior longitudinal ligament which is the downward continuation of the tectorial membrane. It is located behind the vertebral bodies and the intervertebral discs. Therefore, is making part of the anterior border of the spinal canal

Question 52

11. The ------------- is making part of posterior border of the spinal canal E. Supraspinous ligament

Answer 52

*False- This ligament is located at the tips of the spinous processes of the vertebrae and is not related to the spinal canal at all

Question 53

12. The transverse ligament position is anterior to the tectorial membrane. T/F

Answer 53

A. True. *It is true that transverse ligament (the horizontal part of the cruciate ligament) is positioned in front of the tectorial membrane

Question 54

13. Which of the following statements about the suboccipital region is Not true: A. The boundaries of the suboccipital triangle are formed by the obliquus capitis inferior, obliquus capitis superior and the rectus capitis posterior major muscles.

Answer 54

*True- The above three muscles of the suboccipital region are making the boundaries of the suboccipital triangle.

Question 55

13. Which of the following statements about the suboccipital region is Not true: B. The vertebral artery emerges from the transverse foramen of the atlas, and winds medially, deep within the suboccipital triangle

Answer 55

*True- This statement with regard to the vertebral artery position in the suboccipital region is also true

Question 56

13. Which of the following statements about the suboccipital region is Not true: C. The greater occipital nerve emerges inferior to the obliquus capitis inferior, then reaches the scalp after coursing through and innervating the semispinalis capitis and trapezius muscles

Answer 56

False- The above paragraph concerning the course and target innervation of Greater Occipital Nerve (C2 dorsal ramus) is entirely true Except at end of the statement. Although the Greater Occipital Nerve passes through the Trapezius to reach the scalp for cutaneous innervation however, it does not innervate this muscle. And because of this point, answer C is the Not true one.

Question 57

13. Which of the following statements about the suboccipital region is Not true: D. Of the four suboccipital muscles, the rectus capitis posterior minor inserts most medially on the skull

Answer 57

*True-It is true that the rectus capitis posterior minor is not only the smallest muscle of the region, but also is the most medially located muscle.

Question 58

13. Which of the following statements about the suboccipital region is Not true: E. The obliquus capitis inferior muscle arises from the spinous process of C2 and inserts on the transverse process of the atlas

Answer 58

True- As stated above the Obliquus Capitis Inferior muscle takes origin from the spinous process of the Axis and inserts on the TP of the Atlas. As you should know, this muscle makes the inferior border of the suboccipital triangle (Chiropractically the most critical region of concern).

Question 59

14. The most clinically important structure/s of the suboccipital triangle is the suboccipital nerve followed by the greater occipital nerve. True

Answer 59

False- Vertebral Artery is clinically the most important structure of the suboccipital triangle. The two Vertebral Arteries (one on each side) along with the branches of the Basilar Artery which is made by the union

Question 60

14. The most clinically important structure/s of the suboccipital triangle is the suboccipital nerve followed by the greater occipital nerve False

Answer 60

The above statement is false because in suboccipital triangle Vertebral Arteries are clinically the most important and not the suboccipital or the greater occipital nerves.

Question 61

15. The ----------- muscle function is basically extension of the head rather than rotation A. Rectus capitis posterior minor

Answer 61

True- This muscle because of its location which is on both sides of the mid-line and direction basically helps in Extension of the head rather than rotational movements of the head

Question 62

15. The ----------- muscle function is basically extension of the head rather than rotation B. Semispinalis capitis

Answer 62

False- This muscle which is one of the Transversospinalis group because of its location and fiber direction basically rotates the head toward the opposite side when activated on one side. Please see Muscle table for origin and insertion of this muscle

Question 63

15. The ----------- muscle function is basically extension of the head rather than rotation C. Rectus capitis posterior major

Answer 63

False- This muscle which is one of the suboccipital region muscle group because of its location and fiber direction basically rotates the head toward the same side of contraction

Question 64

15. The ----------- muscle function is basically extension of the head rather than rotation D. Longissimus capitis

Answer 64

False- This muscle which is part of the Erector Spinae group is also because of its location and fiber direction rotates the head toward the same side of contraction

Question 65

15. The ----------- muscle function is basically extension of the head rather than rotation E. Splenius capitis

Answer 65

*False- This muscle which is one of the two of the Spinotransversalis group is also because of its location and fiber direction rotates the head toward the same side of contraction

Question 66

``` The above question I believe is with regard to the function of an individual muscle, in other ward, when any of the above muscles acting on one side of the head. All of the above muscles however, when contracting on both sides of the head, their rotational movements will be balanced therefore, they will extend the head. #15 ```

Answer 66

.

Question 67

16. Which of the following structures attach to the intervertebral discs? A. Interarticular ligaments

Answer 67

True- This ligament does extends between the crest of the rib’s head and the IV disc

Question 68

16. Which of the following structures attach to the intervertebral discs? B. Anterior longitudinal ligament

Answer 68

*True- This ligament that extends the entire length of the spine anteriorly not only attaches to the IV discs but also to the anterior aspects of all vertebral bodies

Question 69

16. Which of the following structures attach to the intervertebral discs? C. Psoas major muscle

Answer 69

True- One of the points of origin of this muscle is the IV discs of L1-L5.

Question 70

16. Which of the following structures attach to the intervertebral discs? D. Radiate ligaments

Answer 70

True- The intermediate (horizontal) part of this ligament that covers the Costocorporeal joint does attach to the IV discs.

Question 71

17. The nucleus Pulposus: | A. Made of many concentric layers of dense connective tissue

Answer 71

*False- The Annulus Fibrosis made that way however, the Nucleus Pulposus is made of fibrogelatinous tissue.

Question 72

17. The nucleus Pulposus: | B. Is separated from the vertebral bodies by cartilaginous end plate

Answer 72

*True- The Nucleus Pulposus is separated from the central parts of adjacent vertebral bodies by a cartilaginous plate called Cartilaginous end plate.

Question 73

17. The nucleus Pulposus: | C. Is a remnant of the primitive streak

Answer 73

*False- The Nucleus Pulposus is a remnant of the Notochord and Not the primitive streak

Question 74

17. The nucleus Pulposus: | D. Is 60 – 70% water

Answer 74

False- The healthy Nucleus Pulposus contain 70-90% water, however, the Annulus Fibrosis contains 60-70% water

Question 75

18. Both, ligament and aponeurosis are basically having the same histological structures, however opposed to the ligament; aponeurosis has the ability to recoil after being stretched True

Answer 75

*False- Both ligament and aponeurosis are basically having the same histological structures, that means both are made of Dens Regular Collagenous Connective tissue. Some ligaments having Elastic fibers incorporated in their structure that means this type of ligament has the ability to stretch. However, we do not have any of the aponeurosises, which is a flat type of tendon, with Elastic fibers being incorporated in their structures, therefore, aponeurosis can not stretch.

Question 76

18. Both, ligament and aponeurosis are basically having the same histological structures, however opposed to the ligament; aponeurosis has the ability to recoil after being stretched False

Answer 76

The above statement is false because it means that aponeurosis can stretch and recoil but not the ligament. However, as you know now that the vice-versa is correct.

Question 77

19. Which of the following statements concerning the Sacrospinous ligament is correct? A. It connects the ilium to the caudal aspect of the spine

Answer 77

*False- This ligament is the long sacroiliac ligament that extends between the Posterior Superior Iliac Spine to the caudal aspect of the spine.

Question 78

19. Which of the following statements concerning the Sacrospinous ligament is correct? B. Runs between posterior superior iliac spine and the sacrum

Answer 78

*False- It is the above Long Sacroiliac Ligament that extends between the PSIS and the sacrum

Question 79

19. Which of the following statements concerning the Sacrospinous ligament is correct? C. Is part of the greater sciatic foramen’s boundary

Answer 79

*True- The Sacrospinous Ligament is making the inferior border of the greater sciatic foramen.

Question 80

19. Which of the following statements concerning the Sacrospinous ligament is correct? D. Runs in front of the Sacrotuberous ligament.

Answer 80

True- The Sacrospinous Ligament is situated in front/anterior to the Sacrotuberous Ligament

Question 81

20. All of the following terms referred to the Noncontained disc abnormality Except: A. Prolapsed disc

Answer 81

True- This one of the AKA term for the Noncontained Disc abnormality

Question 82

20. All of the following terms referred to the Noncontained disc abnormality Except: B. Protruded disc

Answer 82

*False- This term is an AKA for the Contained Disc abnormality and is not one of the Noncontained one.

Question 83

20. All of the following terms referred to the Noncontained disc abnormality Except: C. Fragmented disc

Answer 83

True- This term is also one of the AKA for the Noncontained Disc abnormality

Question 84

20. All of the following terms referred to the Noncontained disc abnormality Except: D. Sequestered disc

Answer 84

True- This term is also one of the AKA for the Noncontained Disc abnormality

Question 85

20. All of the following terms referred to the Noncontained disc abnormality Except: E. Ruptured disc

Answer 85

True- This term is also one of the AKA for the Noncontained Disc abnormality

Question 86

21. The following ligaments are associated with rib attachment to the vertebral column Except: A. Lateral costotransverse ligament

Answer 86

*True- This ligament that supports the Costotransverse joint capsule extends between the posterior aspect of the TP’s tips and the rib’s tubercles.

Question 87

21. The following ligaments are associated with rib attachment to the vertebral column Except: B. Inferior costotransverse ligament

Answer 87

False- There is no such ligament associated with the ribs or any thing else.

Question 88

21. The following ligaments are associated with rib attachment to the vertebral column Except: C. Medial costotransverse ligament

Answer 88

True- This ligament (AKA Costotransverse Ligament) is located between the transverse processes of the vertebrae and the necks of the ribs

Question 89

21. The following ligaments are associated with rib attachment to the vertebral column Except: D. Radiate ligament

Answer 89

True- This ligament that supports the Costocorporeal joint capsule, extends between the base of the rib’ heads and the involved vertebral bodies and IV discs.

Question 90

21. The following ligaments are associated with rib attachment to the vertebral column Except: E. Intraarticular ligament

Answer 90

*True- This ligament is one of those that are located inside the joint capsule but being excluded from the synovium. This type of joints is known as intracapsular but extrasynovial ones. This ligament as you already know extends between the crest of the rib’s head to the IV disc. For your information, the IV discs are considered as part of the vertebral column

Question 91

22. Muscle function depends on both blood supply and innervation, however, if deprived from its nerve, muscle fibers will soon atrophies and disappear despite continuous blood supply True

Answer 91

*It is true that muscles can not survive without innervation or blood supply.

Question 92

22. Muscle function depends on both blood supply and innervation, however, if deprived from its nerve, muscle fibers will soon atrophies and disappear despite continuous blood supply False

Answer 92

It is true that either one of the above two vital elements of the muscle if being disconnected, the involved muscle would atrophies

Question 93

23. The ------------ligament extends between the atlas and the axis A. Tectorial membrane

Answer 93

False- This ligament extends between the axis and the occiput

Question 94

23. The ------------ligament extends between the atlas and the axis B. Alar ligament

Answer 94

False- This ligament also extends between the axis and the occiput.

Question 95

23. The ------------ligament extends between the atlas and the axis C. Cruciate ligament

Answer 95

*False- This ligament that is made of three parts (transverse, superior longitudinal band and inferior longitudinal band) as a whole is also extending between the axis and the occiput

Question 96

23. The ------------ligament extends between the atlas and the axis D. Accessory tectorial ligament

Answer 96

*True- this ligament that is located deep to the tectorial membrane is extending between the body of the axis and the medial aspect of the atlas’s lateral mass. There are two of them, one on each side

Question 97

23. The ------------ligament extends between the atlas and the axis E. Transverse ligaments

Answer 97

*False- This ligament that is part of the cruciate ligament extends between the lateral masses of the atlas to support the joint behind the dens of the axis

Question 98

24. All of the following muscles are attached to the transverse process of the axis Except: A. Levator scapulae

Answer 98

*True- Since the origin of Levator Scapulae muscle is from the TPs of the upper four cervical vertebrae therefore, Levator Scapulae does attach to the TP of the axis

Question 99

24. All of the following muscles are attached to the transverse process of the axis Except: B. Splenius cervicis

Answer 99

True- Splenius Cervicis inserts into the TPs of the atlas and the axis, therefore, it does attach to the TP of the axis

Question 100

24. All of the following muscles are attached to the transverse process of the axis Except: C. Scalene anterior

Answer 100

*False- The origin of Scalene Anterior muscle is from the TPs of C3-C6. Therefore, this muscle is not attached to the TP of the axis.

Question 101

24. All of the following muscles are attached to the transverse process of the axis Except: D. Intertransversarii

Answer 101

True- The Intertransversarii muscles are located between the TPs of adjacent vertebrae. In most cases, the highest Intertransversarii cervicis muscle is located between the TPs of the axis and C3

Question 102

24. All of the following muscles are attached to the transverse process of the axis Except: E. Scalene medius

Answer 102

`True- Since the origin of the Scalene medius is from the TPs of C2-C7, therefore, this muscle is also attached to the TP of the axis

Question 103

25. The lateral border of triangle of auscultation is formed by the: A. Lateral border of the trapezius

Answer 103

False- Lateral border of Trapezius muscle is making the medial border of the above triangle

Question 104

25. The lateral border of triangle of auscultation is formed by the: B. Lateral border of scapulae

Answer 104

*False- Lateral border of the Scapula is not related to the above triangle at all.

Question 105

25. The lateral border of triangle of auscultation is formed by the: C. Medial border of latissimus dorsi

Answer 105

*False- The medial border of Latissimus dorsi is its origin from the Spinous processes and supraspinous ligament, therefore, medial border of this muscle is not related to the above triangle. The upper border of this muscle however, is making the lower border of the above triangle.

Question 106

25. The lateral border of triangle of auscultation is formed by the: D. Medial border of scapulae

Answer 106

*True- It is the lower aspect of medial border of the scapulae that makes the lateral border of triangle of auscultation.

Question 107

25. The lateral border of triangle of auscultation is formed by the: E. Superior border of latissimus dorsi

Answer 107

*False- As stated above, the superior/upper border of this muscle is making the lower border of the above triangle

Question 108

26. One of the criteria in naming the IV discs is referring the IV disc to the vertebra below True

Answer 108

False- There are two criteria for naming the IV discs: One is referring the IV disc to the vertebra above e.g., C3 IV disc, and the second is referring the IV disc to both vertebrae, the one above and the one below e.g., C3-C4 IV disc which is the same as C3 IV disc above.

Question 109

26. One of the criteria in naming the IV discs is referring the IV disc to the vertebra below False

Answer 109

Because the above statement referring the IV disc to the vertebra below instead of the vertebra above.

Question 110

27. All of the following muscles, when unilaterally contracted, laterally flex and rotate the head to the same side Except: A. Rectus capitis posterior major

Answer 110

*True- This muscle which is one of the suboccipital region muscles, because of its location and fiber direction can laterally flex and rotate the head toward the same side of contraction

Question 111

27. All of the following muscles, when unilaterally contracted, laterally flex and rotate the head to the same side Except: B. Splenius capitis

Answer 111

True- This muscle which is one of the two of the Spinotransversalis group is also because of its location and fiber direction can laterally flex and rotate the head toward the same side of contraction

Question 112

27. All of the following muscles, when unilaterally contracted, laterally flex and rotate the head to the same side Except: C. Semispinalis capitis

Answer 112

False- This muscle which is one of the Transversospinalis group because of its location and fiber direction can extend and rotate the head toward the opposite side when activated on one side. Please see Muscle table for origin and insertion of this muscle

Question 113

27. All of the following muscles, when unilaterally contracted, laterally flex and rotate the head to the same side Except: D. Longissimus capitis

Answer 113

True- This muscle which is part of the Erector Spinae group is also because of its location and fiber direction can laterally flex and rotate the head toward the same side of contraction

Question 114

28. The Dorsal Primary Rami innervate all of the following muscles Except: A. Levator costorum

Answer 114

True- All of the Levator costorum muscles are innervated by the dorsal primary rami

Question 115

28. The Dorsal Primary Rami innervate all of the following muscles Except: B. Intertransversarii, thoracic area

Answer 115

True- All of the thoracic Intertransversarii muscles are innervated by the dorsal primary rami. In the Cervical and Lumbar region however, the story of Intertransversarii innervation is different. In the cervical region, only the medial fibers of the posterior group are innervated by the dorsal primary rami. The anterior group along with the lateral aspect of the posterior group all are innervated by the ventral primary rami. In the Lumbar region, only the medial group is innervated by the dorsal primary rami. The lateral group however, is innervated by the ventral primary rami.

Question 116

28. The Dorsal Primary Rami innervate all of the following muscles Except: C. Multifidus, thoracic area.

Answer 116

True- Not only in the thoracic region but all Multifidus of other regions of the spine are innervated by the dorsal primary rami.

Question 117

28. The Dorsal Primary Rami innervate all of the following muscles Except: D. Levator scapulae

Answer 117

False- Since this muscle has its origin from the Hypaxial part of the Myotome, therefore is innervated by a nerve from ventral primary rami.

Question 118

28. The Dorsal Primary Rami innervate all of the following muscles Except: E. Rotators, thoracic area.

Answer 118

True- This group of muscles along with all other Rotators of other regions of the spine, as well as all of the above muscles mentioned in A, B & C since all are derivatives of the Epaxial part of the Myotome, all are innervated by the dorsal primary rami

Question 119

29. The ---------- nerve innervates 3 of the superficial back muscles A. Spinal accessory

Answer 119

*False- This nerve innervates the Trapezius, which is one of the superficial muscles of the Back, and the Sternocleidomastoid muscle of the Neck

Question 120

29. The ---------- nerve innervates 3 of the superficial back muscles B. Thoracodorsal

Answer 120

False- This nerve innervates Latissimus dorsi muscle only, which is one of the superficial back muscles

Question 121

29. The ---------- nerve innervates 3 of the superficial back muscles C. Dorsal scapular

Answer 121

*True- This nerve (C5 off the C5 ventral ramus) innervates the other three superficial muscles of the Back: Levator Scapulae, Rhomboid Minor and Rhomboid Major muscles

Question 122

29. The ---------- nerve innervates 3 of the superficial back muscles D. Greater occipital

Answer 122

*False- This nerve which is the dorsal ramus of C2 dose not innervate any of the superficial muscles of the Back. However, it innervates some of the suboccipital region muscles such as the Obliquus Capitis Inferior and part of the Semispinalis Capitis.

Question 123

29. The ---------- nerve innervates 3 of the superficial back muscles E. Dorsal primary rami

Answer 123

*False- Since all the superficial muscles of the Back are Hypaxial derivatives, therefore, they are innervated by nerves off of the ventral primary rami

Question 124

30. The ----------- muscle group is innervated by Ventral Primary Rami. A. Transversospinalis

Answer 124

*False- This group of deep back muscles is a derivative of the Epaxial part of the Myotome. Therefore, is innervated by the Dorsal Primary Rami

Question 125

30. The ----------- muscle group is innervated by Ventral Primary Rami. B. Interspinalis

Answer 125

False- This group of back muscles is also a derivative of the Epaxial part of the Myotome. Therefore, is innervated by the Dorsal Primary Ram

Question 126

30. The ----------- muscle group is innervated by Ventral Primary Rami. C. Spinotransversalis

Answer 126

False- This group of deep back muscles is also a derivative of the Epaxial part of the Myotome. Therefore, is innervated by the Dorsal Primary Rami.

Question 127

30. The ----------- muscle group is innervated by Ventral Primary Rami. D. Iliopsoas.

Answer 127

True- This group of lateral vertebral muscles is a derivative of the Hypaxial part of the Myotome. Therefore, is innervated by nerves off of Ventral Primary Rami

Question 128

30. The ----------- muscle group is innervated by Ventral Primary Rami. E. Sacrospinalis

Answer 128

False- This group of deep back muscles is also a derivative of the Epaxial part of the Myotome. Therefore, is innervated by the Dorsal Primary Rami.