Test #2: 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What does Bonilla critic about Marxist views?

A
  • marxism views racism as ideological tool used to divide working class
  • reductionist view, racism is seen as a function of capital reproduction
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2
Q

What does Bonilla critic about psychological views on racism?

A
  • says people see racism as irrational psychological beliefs
  • a holdover from older times
  • says this is reductionist, not looking at society just individuals
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3
Q

What does the Professor critic about the persistence of racial inequality?

A
  • because class has more to do with inequality then race

- but he replies, why are we ignoring that Black people are mainly in lower classes

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4
Q

What alternative to marxism does Bonilla create?

A

-Racialized social systems

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5
Q

What are radicalized social systems?

A

-societies in which economic, political, social and ideological levels are partially structured by the placement of actors in racial categories

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6
Q

What do systems of racial categorization always involve?

A
  • some form of hierarchy that produces definite social relations between races
  • rewards those considered ‘white’
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7
Q

What is a consequence of racialized social systems?

A
  • they result in different groups developing dissimilar objective interests
  • racially motivated behaviour is regarded as rational
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8
Q

Is racism rational or irrational according to Bonilla?

A

-irrational

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9
Q

Racialized systems are the product of what?

A

-historically situated processes of racialization

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10
Q

Define racialization

A

-people believe race is a biological fact

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11
Q

What does racism provide?

A
  • the rules for perceiving and dealing with the other in a racialized society
  • similar to West and Zimmermann
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12
Q

What is a main way inequality becomes structured in a society?

A

-spatial segregation

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13
Q

What is spatial segregation?

A
  • when societies divide themselves up geographically

- such that people in different ethnic groups occupy different geographical locations

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14
Q

How was spatial segregation enforced?

A
  • overt rules prevented racialized minorities from moving into white neighbourhoods in the 1950s
  • followed by covert rules
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15
Q

Are neighbourhood inequalities stable or unstable?

A

-very stable, reproduced over generations

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16
Q

In Wacquant’s article, what different types of socio-spatial seclusions did they discuss?

A

-ghettos, ethnic clusters and gated communities

17
Q

What are ghettos?

A
  • impoverished places in society where people are forced to stay
  • walls
18
Q

What are ethnic clusters?

A
  • people choose to live in certain ethnic neighbourhoods
  • Italian neighbourhood, Chinese, etc.
  • bridges
19
Q

What are gated communities?

A

-walls to keep others out

20
Q

What is the traditional ghetto vs. the hyperghetto?

A
  • traditional ghetto’s have economic integration but not social integration (i think)
  • hyperghetto’s are like a prison, no social or economic integration
21
Q

What did Wacquant says spatial seclusion was driven by and what made it worse?

A
  • driven by primarily class or race

- and worsened by the lack of the welfare state

22
Q

What did Anderson say in his article?

A
  • even when Black Americans achieve socio-economic mobility

- they are seen by others as being out of place

23
Q

What does gender as a social structure focus specifically on?

A

-microlevel interactions

24
Q

What question does Risman ask in her article?

A
  • Why does sexism still persist?

- the stalled fight on gender equality

25
Q

How does Risman answer her question?

A
  • gender is not something affected by a structure
  • it is a kind of structure
  • it constrains and enables our actions
26
Q

How will change come about according to Risman?

A

-change has to occur at all three levels that gender as a structure operates at

27
Q

What does Risman see as the primary sticking point?

A
  • interactional cultural expectations

- which is individual level

28
Q

Where does Risman propose we fight?

A

-against status expectations and cognitive bias

29
Q

How did the idea of intersectionality emerge?

A

-as part of political activism among women of colour

30
Q

What does Collins say about intersectionality?

A
  • Black feminists see oppression interaction with multiple identities
  • the interlocking nature of oppression
31
Q

What does Hall say about intersectionality?

A
  • warns about avoiding essentialism in identity politics

- replacing negative stereotypes with positive stereotypes is still bad

32
Q

What do intersectional theories aim to do?

A
  • highlight viewpoints of multiply marginalized people
  • especially women of colour
  • not try to be value neutral, be more normative
33
Q

How do intersectional theories examine identities?

A
  • they examine how they dynamically interact within particular contexts
  • how they’re co-created within particular institutional arrangements