Test 2 A&P lecture

Question 1

what is hematopoiesis?

Answer 1

creating blood cells in red bone marrow

Question 2

what is pTH

Answer 2

parathryoid gland, regulates calcium (& helps break down bone??)

Question 3

Where is calcitonin from?

Answer 3

One of the hormones secreted from parathyroid gland

Question 4

what is interstitial and appositional growth

Answer 4

interstitial growth is increase in length, appositional growth is increase in width

Question 5

what does calmodulin and calsequestrin do

Answer 5

return calcium back to the SR (sarcoplasmic reticulum), also calmodulin is for smooth muscle

Question 6

what is oxygen debt

Answer 6

after excersizing, your body is recovering all the mitochondria, getting rid of lactic acid (takes 48 hours), refilling myofibrils and glycogen aswell

Question 7

forms of energy in muscle

Answer 7

creatine phosphate - short term energy
glycogen - like 2 atp, next to creatine phosphate
aerobic respiration - 36-38 atp long term energy
glycogen and creatine phosphate are anearobic

Question 8

no atp =

Answer 8

fatigue

Question 9

fast glycolytic; describe and give example

Answer 9

anaerobic, white, less atp and myoglobin, using energy very fast like a runner, or weightlifter

Question 10

slow oxidative; describe and give an example

Answer 10

red, lots of myoglobin and atp, endurance, long term, like a marathon runner

Question 11

as voltage increase (what else increases)

Answer 11

motor units (recruitment)

Question 12

isometric and isotonic (2 phases of isotonic aswell)

Answer 12

isometric length does not chance, good for posture, tension and tone (plank)
isotonic length does change:
eccentric: ex going down is easier
concentric: going back up against the weight

Question 13

what is wave summation

Answer 13

you don’t let the muscle relax, and as it’s in the middle of relaxing, shock it and each contraction is stronger than the next

Question 14

what is recruitment

Answer 14

motor units, and all the motor neurons and fibers it stimulates recruiting more and more

Question 15

what is it called when the myosin head binds to the myosin binding site

Answer 15

cross bridge

Question 16

what ist it called during muscle contraction where actin is pulled towards the m line

Answer 16

power stroke (2 atp is needed to attach and let go)

Question 17

what is it called when one is out of ATP

Answer 17

rigor mortis

Question 18

what is latent period and lag time

Answer 18

Latent period : time needed to release Ca 2+ (calcium)
Relaxation period : time needed for Ca 2+ to return back to the SR by ACTIVE Transport

Question 19

what is released as a relaxing process

Answer 19

ACh E is released to destroy ACh and allows muscles to rest, to not be overly relaxed or continuously stimulated

Question 20

where is ACh stored

Answer 20

vessiscles

Question 21

you can stimulate a neuron:

Answer 21

electrically or chemically

Question 22

ACh (neurotransmitter) inhibits and and stimulates:

Answer 22

inhibits cardiac muscle, stimulates skeletal muscle

Question 23

what goes down a motor neuron

Answer 23

nerve action potential

Question 24

what is tetany and what muscles have it

Answer 24

tetany just means stiff, skeletal muscles have tetany and fatigue

Question 25

treppe

Answer 25

higher contracting each time, but allowing yourself to fully relax

Question 26

muscle fibers for everyone is ___________, a bigger person will have more _______ , but ______

Answer 26

muscle fibers for everyone is different, however a bigger person may have more mitochondria and myofibrils, but the number of muscle fibers itself stay the same

Question 27

hypertrophy and atrophy

Answer 27

hypertrophy = bigger muscles atrophy = smaller muscles from disuse (lesser muscle fibers and size)

Question 28

what do muscle action potential go through?

Answer 28

t-tubules

Question 29

what stores calcium

Answer 29

the sarcoplasmic reticulum (sr)

Question 30

kids with dystrophy have their what messed up:

Answer 30

dystrophin

Question 31

less myoglobin is what color more myoglobin is what color:

Answer 31

less myoglobin: white more myoglobin : red

Question 32

what is the source of oxygen for muscles

Answer 32

myoglobin

Question 33

Depolarization and Repolarization

Answer 33

Depolarization: membrane potential becomes positive, so sodium channels open and allow it to enter the cell Repolarization: returns to resting state, allowing potassium ions to leave the cell which are a negative charge

Question 34

what forms on the sacrolemma

Answer 34

muscle action potential

Question 35

do thin filaments change length

Answer 35

NO, they overlap

Question 36

smooth muscle you have ____ instead of ____-

Answer 36

calmodulin instead of troponin

Question 37

thick filaments have what:

Answer 37

myosin head

Question 38

thin filaments have what:

Answer 38

the string: tropomyosin the bundle: troponin balls : actin

Question 39

# w what maintains posture, tension, tone

Answer 39

the central nervous system and elastin/titin

Question 40

bone to bone is what

Answer 40

ligament

Question 41

muscle to bone

Answer 41

tendon

Question 42

cardiac muscle:

Answer 42

contains desmosomes, gap junctions and intercalated discs (the lines going up and down) -striated (the strings) -involuntary

Question 43

sarcomeres go from what:

Answer 43

z disc to z disc

Question 44

what are the functions of muscles

Answer 44

exictability ; ability to respond electrically and chemically contractility ; shorten extensibility ; lengthen elasticity ; like rubberbands

Question 45

what does the sarcolemma cover

Answer 45

muscle cell

Question 46

many muscle fibers make up a what:

Answer 46

muscle cell

Question 47

many myofibrils make up what:

Answer 47

muscle fiber

Question 48

importance of estrogen in women

Answer 48

estrogen contributes to bone strength, so when women hit menopause at about 55, their bones begin to weaken

Question 49

wrist break is called what

Answer 49

coles

Question 50

what happens in order during a bone break

Answer 50

hematom is formed (mass of clotted blood), then the fibrocartilage mesh, calification, ossification and then bone remodeling

Question 51

what is a break in the ankle called

Answer 51

potts

Question 53

what is greenstick

Answer 53

a type of fracture, when a bone bends one direction without breaking into 2 pieces

Question 54

what is wolfs law

Answer 54

our body changes according to mechanical stress

Question 55

recall steps of crossbridge cycling

Answer 55

myosin heads binds to the myosin bidning site this requires an ATP to bind and moving the tropomyosin the actin is being pulled closer and closer towards the m-line (as the power stroke is occurring, ADP and Pi are released) once contraction is reached, another ATP is required to let go (calcium binds back to actin to close the tropomyosin?)

Question 56

recall steps of muscle contraction and relaxation

Answer 56

- action potential arrives at the neuromuscular junction - causes ACh to be released through vessicles allowing for ACh to be binded to the recepters on the sarcolemma - once this is binded, it opens a sodium concentration gradient to excite the contraction - the action potential goes along the t-tubules thus causing calcium to be released within the thin and thick filaments (see the sliding model) and contraction with the interaction of thin and thick relaxing: - atp is required, but calcium is reabsorbed to begin relaxtion

Question 57

dip or ditch in a bone

Answer 57

fossa

Question 58

axial skeleton

Answer 58

skull, chest and vertebral column (clavicle is included)

Question 59

osteoblasts

Answer 59

build bone

Question 60

# ``` ``` what do osteoblasts turn into

Answer 60

osteocytes

Question 61

osteocytes

Answer 61

involved in bone remodeling, bone deposition and resorption (transmits singlas to other osteocytes)

Question 62

bones are what tissue and thus what

Answer 62

bones are connective tissue: thus have a matrix the matrix consists of minerals (ground substance) and fibers (collagen)

Question 63

what is the basic unit of compact bone

Answer 63

osteon

Question 64

what connects one osteon to another

Answer 64

volksmann/perforated canal

Question 65

interstitial growth adds to what

Answer 65

the diaphysis

Question 66

what are the 4 zones of epiphyseal plate

Answer 66

- resting cartilage - proliferating cartilage (multiply) - hypertrophy cartilage - calcified cartilage

Question 67

what is ossification

Answer 67

turning spongy to compact bone

Question 68

hydroxyapatite

Answer 68

form of calcium in the bone

Question 69

epichondrial ossification

Answer 69

replacement of hyaline cartilage with the bone - mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes, and secrete an extracellular matrix to form cartilage

Question 70

mesenchymal intra cells are the starter