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Test 2 AH Cardiac > Test 2 AH Hemo > Flashcards

Test 2 AH Hemo Flashcards

(62 cards)

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1
Q

Normal WBC

A

4-11

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2
Q

Normal RBC

A

4.3-6

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3
Q

Hemoglobin

A

13-18

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4
Q

Hematocrit

A

40-53%

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5
Q

MCV

A

78-100

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6
Q

MCH

A

27-34

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7
Q

MCHC

A

31-37

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8
Q

RDW

A

11.5-14.5

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9
Q

Platelet Count

A

130-450

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10
Q

Function of the Hematologic System

A
  • bone marrow
  • blood
  • normal iron metabolism
  • normal clotting
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11
Q

Red Blood Cells

A
  • start as stem cells
  • live 120 days
  • produce hemoglobin
  • hemoglobin loosely binds with oxygen and provides it to the tissues
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12
Q

Anemia

A

not enough RBC’s

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13
Q

Causes of Anemia

A
  • Decreased RBC Production
  • Blood Loss
  • Increased RBC Destruction
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14
Q

Anemia: Assessment

A
  • fatigue/tired
  • pallor
  • sob w/ activity
  • VS changes
  • weight loss
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15
Q

Anemia: Elderly Patients

A
  • common in older adults
  • chronic disease
  • nutritional deficiencies
  • may go unrecognized or mistaken for normal aging changes
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16
Q

Anemia: Implementation

A
  • dietary and lifestyle changes
  • blood or blood product transfusions
  • drug therapy
  • oxygen therapy
  • patient teaching
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17
Q

Iron Deficiency Anemia (Micro)

A
  • most common
  • blood loss, poor GI absorption, poor diet
  • weakness, pallor, fatigue, fissures at corners of mouth, spooning, low levels of HGB, burning tongue and numbness of appendages (fingers and toes)
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18
Q

Management of Iron Deficiency Anemia

A
  • adequate dietary intake
  • supplemental vitamins
  • healthy diet selection
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19
Q

Pernicious Anemia (Macro)

A
  • vitamin b12 deficiency
  • no intrinsic factor which absorbs B12 (in stomach)
  • large RBC’s (megaloblasts)
  • folate deficiency which is essential for formation of RBC’s
  • take folate orally and B12 injections for life increase proteins, vitamins and minerals
  • sore burning tongue, tingling (Nerve Problems)
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20
Q

Hemolytic Anemia

A
  • destruction or hemolysis of RBC’s at a rate that exceeds production
  • jaundice, destroyed RBC’s caused increase in bilirubin
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21
Q

Causes of Hemolytic Anemia

A
  • blood transfusion Reaction
  • Infection
  • Drugs
  • Sickle Cell
  • G6PD enzyme deficiency
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22
Q

Hemorrhage

A
  • hypovolemic shock
  • reduced plasma volume
  • diminished O2
  • Trauma, complications of surgery
  • STOP, replace blood loss
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23
Q

Sickle Cell Anemia Treatments

A
  • Fluids and O2 **
  • rest
  • analgesics
  • blood transfusions
  • folic acid
  • hydroxyurea (antisickling agent)
  • erythropoietin in patient unresponsive to hydroxyurea
  • bone marrow transpant
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24
Q

Sickle Cell Pains

A
  • abdominal and long bones
  • hands and feet
  • joints and back
  • Due to hypoxia
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25
Sickle Cell Complications
- infections - stroke - UTIs - Splenomegaly
26
Aplastic Anemia
- Pancytopenia (decrease of all blood cell types) - decrease in function of bone marrow resulting in not enough new blood cells - exposure to carcinogenic agents, chemotherapy cause this - very rare, effects 4 of 1 million persons - erythropoeitin (promotes formation of EBC's)/ blood/ bone marrow transplant Treatment: Neutropenia precautions, bone marrow transplant
27
Erythropoietin
- glycoprotein primarily produced in the kidneys - increases number of stem cells committed to RBC production - shortens the time to mature RBC's
28
Polycythemia Vera
- too many RBC's - causes blood to thicken causing viscosity, increased heart compensation - headace, tired, vision problems - a proliferative disorder in which the myeloid stem cells escape normal control mechanisms
29
Secondary Polycythemia
caused by excessive production of erythropoietin from chronic hypoxia
30
Polycythemia Manifestations
-thick, sticky blood which causes tissue ischemia and infarction, increased BP and angina
31
Polycythemia Treatment
- Fluids, steroids, remove one unit of blood away monthly | - remove cause (tumor), Phlebotomy, hydration to minimize complications, give immunosuppressants
32
Thrombocytopenia
- decreased production of platelets - increased destruction of platelets - increased consumption of platelets - TTP rare
33
Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP) Treatment
- immunosuppressants - soft tooth brushes - steroids - immunogobulin - plasmapheresis - meds to in inhibit platelet aggregation
34
Autonimmune or Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) Treatment
- drug therapy to prevent production of antiplatelet antibodies - platelet transfusions - maintain safe environment
35
Leukocytosis
- increase in white blood cells | - usually a sign of infection
36
Leukopenia
decrease in functional WBC's
37
Leukemia
-over production of WBC's - cancer of immature WBC's - excessive leukocytes Treatment: corticosteriods, hydroxyurea, bone marrow transplant, cytoxin (chemo and immunosuppressant), radiation
38
AML
most common adult leukemia (frequently caused by previous chemotherapy)
39
ALL
most common in children
40
CML
- includes polycythemia vera - presence of Philadelphia Chromosome in leukemic cells - progresses in three stages
41
CLL
rare type of leukemia that occurs most often in people older than 50
42
Acute Leukemia
- early arrest of cell maturation - block of cell production precursor - many blast cells
43
Chronic Leukemia
mature of near mature cells with function
44
Causes of Leukemia
- combination of genetic and environmental influences - chemical agents - chemotherapeutic agents - viruses - radiation - immunologic deficiencies
45
Leukemia: clinical manifestations
anemia, bleeding, infection, weight loss, bone pain, liver/spleen enlargement
46
Leukemia: Diagnosis
blood tests, bone marrow biopsy
47
Leukemia: Treatment
- bone marrow transplantation - stem cell transplant - combination chemotherapy - radiation therapy
48
Multiple Myeloma
- immunodeficiency of the bone marrow
49
Multiple Myeloma: Manifestations
- hypercalcemia, caused by calcium being lost though bone seaping into blood. - Bence Jones Proteins, renal failure, bone pain and weakness due to loss of calcium
50
Multiple Myeloma: Treatment
- chemotherapy - fluids - pain meds - not curable
51
Malignant Lymphoma
solid tumors - particularly affecting lymph nodes and spleen
52
Hodgkin Disease
- Lymphoma in lymph glands - positive Reed-sternberg cells - arises from a single node and spreads - night sweats - often early diagnosis (fever of unknown origin) - 75% cure, 20 year survival - stages 1 and 2, radiation - stages 3 and 4, chemo and radiation
53
When Taking iron...
- take supplements with vitamin C - z track injection - eggs
54
Sickle Cell Anemia
- herditary, uncurable, rigid and sticky and are shaped like sickles or crescent moons - altitude and cold make it worse
55
Vasoocclusive Crisis
- fluids - oxygen - analgesics - rest
56
Sequestration Crisis
- sickle cells clump together and the organs (spleen) enlarge - splenectomy
57
Agranulocytosis
- absent components of WBC - Meds to cause it: chemoterapy, radiation - a deficiency of granulocytes in the blood, causing increased vulnerability to infection. - neutropenic precautions
58
Hodgkin Disease: Who gets it?
- peaks in mid to late 20's | - >50 (males affected more)
59
Hodgkins: Causes
- probably viral or chemical - usually originates in a single or chain of nodes - Reed-Sterberg Cells
60
Hodgkins: Assessment
- enlarged painless node or nodes - fever - malaise - night sweats
61
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
- cancer of the lymph tissue that are not hodgkin's - no reed sternberg cells - ages 50+
62
Symptoms of anemia
-yellowing of eyes -SOB -weakness -change is stool color -fatigue -low BP -spleen enlargment -cold skin Sever anemia -fainting -angina -MI

Test 2 AH Cardiac (2 decks)

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