Test 2 (bio) Flashcards
(85 cards)
1
Q
What is Energy
A
the ability to do work
2
Q
Kinetic Energy
A
energy in motion
3
Q
Potential energy
A
stored energy
4
Q
where does biological energy come from
A
the sun
5
Q
ATP
A
usable cellular energy
6
Q
Calorie
A
The energy required to raise 1 gram of water by 1 degree celcius
7
Q
Metablism
A
the sum of all chemical reactions in an organsim
8
Q
Diffusion
A
higher concentration to a lower concentration
9
Q
passive transport
A
does not use cells energy
10
Q
facilitated diffusion
A
diffusion with “help” from a protein
11
Q
Active transport
A
requires energy (in form of ATP)
Also required when going from low to high concentration
12
Q
Osmosis
A
When an molecule cannot cross hte membrane, water crosses instead
13
Q
Isotonic
A
solutes are equal on both sides of membrane
14
Q
Hypertonic
A
higher concentration
15
Q
Hypotonic
A
lower concentration
16
Q
osmoregulation
A
control of water balance
17
Q
hyponatremia
A
“water poisoning”
18
Q
Exocytosis
A
cell pushes OUT material using a vesicle
19
Q
Endocytosis
A
cell pulls IN material using a vesicle
20
Q
Autotrophs
A
convert inorganic compounds into organic compounds
“PRODUCERS”
21
Q
What general pathway does energy take between the sun and ATP
A
photosynthesis and cellular respiration
22
Q
Heterotrophs
A
Must get their organic molecules from eating autotrophs or other heterotrophs
CONSUMERS
23
Q
What groups of organisms do cellular respiration
A
plants and animals
24
Q
Cellular Respiration formula
A
C6H12O6 + O2 –> CO2 + H2O
25
What are the three stages of cellular respiration
glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain
26
Where does respiration happen
mitochondria
27
Glycolysis
```
Glucose is broken down into Pyruvic Acid
-NADH grabs electrons
-A little ATP is made
Pyruvic acid is converted to Acetyl CoA
-NADH grabs electrons
```
28
Citric Acid Cycle
Acetyl CoA is broken down to CO2
- NADH grabs electrons
- A littels ATP is made
29
Electron Transport Chain
- Electrons are delivered by NADH
- A LOT of ATP is created
- H2O is released
30
What is oxygen's role in cellular respiration
Oxygen is at the base of the "stair case" to catch the electrons then turns into water
31
What molecules transports electrons between stages?
NADH
32
What happens when Oxygen is absent
Only use glycolysis
33
Fermentation
making ATP in the absence of oxygen
34
Lactic Acid Fermentation
cheese, yogurt, soy sauce, pickles, olives, etc..
| -also happens in humans
35
Alcoholic Fermentation
beer, wine, bread
- happens in yeast
- RELEASES CO2
36
How does gycolysis give us clues into our evolutionary past
almost everyone can do it
37
What ancient organisms paved the way for modern oxygen-using eukaryotes
Ancient Cyanobacteria
38
Why do leaves appear green
leaves adsorb red and blue wavelengths and reflect green wavelengths
39
Where in the plant does photosynthesis occur
The leaves
40
Chloroplast
organelle where photosynthesis takes place
41
Thylakoid
photosynthetic sites within chloroplasts
42
chlorophyll
light capturing pigment
43
Formula for photosynthesis
CO2 + H2O --> C6H12O6 + O2
44
Light reactions
need light
45
dark reactions
do not need light
46
What goes in and out of the light reactions
H2O goes in
| O2 and NADPH (electrons) come out
47
Light Reactions Process
- Chlorophyll escites electrons, slpits water, releases oxygen
- electrons go down electron tranport chain to move hydrogen ions
- chlorophyll excites electrons again, transfers them to NADPH
- ATP synthases makes ATP, using hydrogen ion gradiant
48
What goes in and out of dark reactions
- CO2 goes in
- glucose comes out
-ATP and electron NADPH are alsoused
49
How do plants that are not green get their nutrients
plant parasites tap into green plants and steal their water and nutrients
50
What do chloroplasts and mitochondria have in common
both similar to bacteria
- Aerobic (oxygen-using) bacteria
- photosynthetic bacterium
51
Endosymbiont Theory
Endosymbiosis is when something is engulfed by something else
52
Why do cells divide
replaced damage cells/heal; growth and development; reproduction
53
Mitosis
Type of cell division that makes two genetically identical copies of original cell
-DNA has to duplicate BEFORE the cell divides
54
What are the three parts of the cell cycle
Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis
55
Which part of cell cycle do cells spend most of their time
Interphase
56
Gene
a section of DNA that codes for a protein
57
Chromosome
A string of DNA that has been "packaged" for cell division
58
How many chromosomes do humans have?
46 chromosomes (23 pairs)
59
In what phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication take place
Interphase
60
What are the stages of Mitosis
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
PMAT
61
Prophase
Can see individual chromosomes
62
Metaphase
Chromosomes line up down the middle, ready to separate
63
Anaphase
Chromosomes are beginning to separate
64
Telophase
Chromosomes are completely separated to either end of the cell
65
How is cytokinesis different in plants and animal cells?
Plant cells: cell plate forms--> baby cell wall the grows in the middle and then the cell wall pops into two new cells
Animal cells: cleavage furrow forms--> cell pinches in the middle and then pops apart
66
Cell cycle control
specialized proteins send "stop" and "go-ahead" signals during the cell cycle
67
What happens when control of the cell cycle fails
Cancer
68
What causes cancer
loss of cell cycle control, can form abnormal masses called tumors
69
Metastasis
cancer cells spread through lymph and blood vessels
70
how does cancer therapy work
targets rapidly dividing cells
71
Why is hair loss so common with chemo
hair follicles grow rapidly, so hair is often lost
72
binary fission
cell division in prokaryotes
1) DNA duplicates
2) cell membrane elongates and folds in
3) cell seperates
73
How is sexual reproduction different than asexual reproduction
sexual reproductions requires the fertilization of an egg by a sperm
74
What groups do sexual reproduction
animal, plants, and some algae and fungi
75
What would happen if sexual reproduction happened by mitosis
with each generation, the number of chromosomes would double
76
Which half of chromosomes goes into eggs and sperm
one of each pair
77
How does sexual reproduction by meiosis maintain the number of chromosomes
fertilization
78
Diploid
2 copies of each gene (2n)
79
Haploid
1 copy of each gene (1n)
80
Stages of Meiosis
PMAT 1 and PMAT 2
81
Metaphase 1
line up in any way by their chromosome pairs (no longer with homologous pair in telophase 1)
82
What is the outcome of meiosis
4 haploid cells (each with half of parents chromosomes)
83
Law of Independent Assortment
- each offspring gets different combination of gene
- an egg or sperm can get any combination of chromosomes
- -any sperm can combine with any egg
84
How does the male determine the sex of the offspring
he has one X and one Y chromosome,
85
What is nondisjunction
when chromosomes don't separate properly
-leads to an abnormal sperm or egg
-a resulting condition could be down-syndrome ( 3 of chromosome 21)
