Test 2= Biomechanical and NDT

Question 1

Biomechanical FOR

Answer 1

• frame of reference that focuses on how the body maintains position against gravity.
• Concerned with how children attain and maintain proper posture.
• Utilized in pediatrics for children who cannot attain/maintain proper posture due to musculoskeletal problems.
• artificial supports can be utilized to help maintain optimal posture.

Question 2

Biomechanical FOR- motor patterns begin reflexively.

Answer 2

-When a movement is made, the body receives feedback, and then develops a different movement pattern in response to feedback. This leads to the development of motor control.

Question 3

Biomechanical FOR basic assumptions:

Answer 3

• More sophisticated reflexes include: righting, equilibrium, and protective reactions.
• These reactions assist the individual in transitioning from one position to another. Reactions assist in keeping the body upright against gravity.
• These reflexes develop sequentially, but in an overlapping predictable manner.
• Movements create shits in the center of gravity that requires a compensatory reactions.
• Dysfunction of musculoskeletal or neuromuscular system interferes with postural reactions

Question 4

NDT FOR

Answer 4

• Created for children with cerebral palsy
• based on developmental and neuromaturation theories using a sensorimotor approach
• Designed to work with children with damage to the neurological system.

Question 5

NDT FOR

Answer 5

• assume the muscle length and muscle strength can be changed
• emphasis on typical vs. atypical movements. Promotion of normal movement patterns is performed

Question 6

NDT FOR concerned with:

Answer 6

• reach and grasp
• planes of movement
• alignment of the body
• ROM
• Base of support
• muscle strength
• postural control
• weight shift/weight bearing
• mobility

Question 7

what can NDT be used for?

Answer 7

Atypical muscle tone (spasticity, dystonia, ataxia, rigidity, hypotonia)

impaired anticipatory control

poverty of movement

lack of dissociated movements

sensory processing impairments

secondary impairments

impaired muscle synergies

impaired muscle activation

insufficient force generation

Question 8

Atypical muscle tone- spasticity

Answer 8

-hypertonus caused by tonic stretch, muscle contractions, and abnormal movement patters

Question 9

Dystonia

Answer 9

a movement disorder in which involuntary sustained or intermittent muscle contraction results in twisting, repetitive movements or both.

Question 10

ataxia

Answer 10

lack of coordination during voluntary movements

Question 11

rigidity

Answer 11

a type of hypertonia characterized by a resistance in externally imposed joint movements that occur at low speeds.

Question 12

hypotonia

Answer 12

diminished resting muscle tension and decreased ability to generate voluntary muscle force leading to postural instability and excessive flexibility.

Question 13

Impaired muscular activation

Answer 13

-Both appropriate muscles and inappropriate muscles are activated. This over co-contraction can lead to increased stability and motor control of a joint and limit the degrees of freedom. This is an inefficient manner that can lead to fatigue.

Question 14

impaired muscle synergies

Answer 14

-Muscle synergy patterns emerge to develop more efficient ways of performing motor tasks. Children with impaired motor synergies use inefficient and ineffective muscle synergies to perform a task.

Question 15

impaired timing, sequencing, and ability to grade muscle force

Answer 15

-Timing, sequencing, and the ability to grade the correct amount of pressure are essential components of motor control and performance

*

Question 16

Overflow of limb contractions

Answer 16

-Oftentimes children with CNS impairment may utilize more muscle groups than needed to perform a task. This overflow may lead to problems especially when a child attempts to self-initiate.

Question 17

insufficient force generation

Answer 17

-weakness related to the inability to generate a sufficient force in a muscle for a purpose of posture and movement. This might result in a child not having enough strength to pull apart toys, pull out a chair for him/herself.

Question 18

impaired anticipatory control

Answer 18

-Anticipatory control is the ability of the muscles to perceive how to react to a force being placed upon it before the force is loaded.

Question 19

poverty of movement

Answer 19

-refers to an overall decrease in movement due to CNS or musculoskeletal impairments.

Question 20

loss of dissociated movements

Answer 20

-decreased ability to produce efficient movements where there is a rotation of one part of the body on another.

Question 21

Sensory processing impairments

Answer 21

-Impairments with SP can lead to difficulty interpreting information correctly and thus the child may produce incorrect or inappropriate motoric responses.

Question 22

Secondary impairments to CNS or musculoskeletal systems

Answer 22

-these may occur indirectly from the primary motor impairment or environmental.

Question 23

NDT goal

Answer 23

-NDT provides a framework for structuring intervention to improve functional performance by reducing the dysfunction caused by atypical movement patterns.

• Decrease abnormal tone
• Increase normal tone and equilibrium reactions
• Handling techniques to improve function
• Prevent contractures and deformities

Question 24

NDT interventions will involve

Answer 24

• handling
• preparation and facilitation
• integration of activities
• positioning.

*NDT wants to see improved quality of movement and more normal movement patterns.

Question 25

NDT treatment principles

Answer 25

- Elongation - ROM - Mobility - Dissociation - Rotation - Inhibition/facilitation - weight bearing - weight shifting - handling (proximal stability leads to distal manipulation.