TEST 2 - CARBOHYDRATES AND LIPIDS

Question 1

Organic Molecule

Answer 1

Compounds that contain carbon atoms come from a living or once living organism.

Question 2

Most common elements in organic molecules

Answer 2

• Carbon
• Hydrogen
• Oxygen
• Nitrogen

Question 3

Carbon Bonding (versatile)

Answer 3

• Four bonds
• Strong covalent bonds
• It can bond in many ways: Straight chains, branched chains, and rings.

Question 4

Examples of bonding

Answer 4

• Straight chain: propane
• Branched-chain: Isobutane
• Ring: Cyclohexane

Question 5

Cholesterol & Steroids

Answer 5

• Testosterone
• Cortisone
• Vitamin D
• Cholesterol

Question 6

Functional Groups

Answer 6

Groups of atoms attached to organic molecules.
All are polar and increase solubility in water.

Question 7

Functional groups Examples

Answer 7

• Hydroxyl Group (Alcohol: -OH
• Carbonyl Group:
  - Aldehyde (End): c=O
  - Ketones (middle): c=O
• Carboxyl Group:
  - Acid: -COOH
  Carbonyl + hydroxyl = carbonyl
• Amino Group: -NH2
• Sulfhydryl Group: -SH
• Phosphate Group: PO4-

Question 8

Polymers

Answer 8

Many molecules

Question 9

Monomers

Answer 9

One Molecule

Question 10

Condensation reaction

Answer 10

Monomers are linked together, polymers are built
Water molecule is release
endergonic

Question 11

Hydrolysis

Answer 11

Monomers are split apart
Polymers are broken down
A water molecule is used
Exergonic process

Question 12

Metabolism

Answer 12

The Web of all the enzyme-catalyzed reactions in a cell or organism

Question 13

Anabolism

Answer 13

SYNTHESIS of complex molecules from simpler molecules.

Question 14

Catabolism

Answer 14

BREAKDOWN of complex molecules into simpler molecules

Question 15

Elements in living organisms

Answer 15

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

Question 16

Uses of elements in the Environment

Answer 16

NITROGEN: Nitrogen cycle
PHOSPHORUS: DNA, ATP
CALCIUM: Bones. Milk and shi
IRON: Blood Hemoglobin
SODIUM: Neurons
SULFUR: Cysteine = Amino Acid (HAIR)

Question 17

Carbohydrates Characteristics

Answer 17

C, H, O in a 1:2:1 ratio
Often end in -OSE
Soluble in water:
- Hydroxyl: OH
- Aldehyde: H-C=-O
- Ketene: -c=O

Question 17

Carbohydrates

Answer 17

Building blocks (monomers), simple sugars = Monosaccharides.
Energy storage and cell structure

Question 18

Monosaccharides

Answer 18

One
Simple sugars
2 function groups: 1 carbonyl and several hydroxyls
Generally 3,5, or 6 carbons long
All carbons have a hydroxyl attached except one that has a carbonyl

Question 19

Glucose

Answer 19

C8H12O8
Most common simple sugars
Two isomers: Fructose and Galactose

Question 20

Aldose

Answer 20

Aldehyde Sugar
Carbonyl group
Ex: Glucose

Question 21

Ketose

Answer 21

Ketone Sugar
Carbonyl group
Ex: Fructose

Question 22

Disaccharides

Answer 22

Two monosaccharides are linked. The beginning of a carbohydrate polymer

Glucose + Glucose = Maltose
- In grains: hops and barley
Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose
- Ex: Table sugar
Glucose + Galactose = Lactose
- Ex: Dairy Sugar

Question 23

Condensation Reaction

Answer 23

Monosaccharide + Monosaccharide = Disaccharide + Water

Question 24

Glycosidic Bond

Answer 24

The bond between two monosaccharides to form a a disaccharide

Question 25

Polysaccharide: Starch

Answer 25

- Primary energy storage compound in plants - 1000's of alpha glucose - 2 types: Amylose (Unbranched) OR Amylopectin (1,4 & 1,6 branched)

Question 26

Cellulose

Answer 26

- Polymer of glucose - Betaglucose (1,4) - Structural Polysaccharide - cell wall

Question 27

Glycogen

Answer 27

Animal energy storage Made of alpha glucose structure has a main chain and side branches Stored in the liver and muscles

Question 28

Cell Wall

Answer 28

Fully permeable to water gives support - microfibril Dietary fiber

Question 29

Biological Purposes of Carbohydrates

Answer 29

Energy Storage - Immediate: Sugar - Long Term: Starch Glucose - needed for cellular respiration Cell-Cell Recognition - Glycoproteins

Question 30

Roles of glycoproteins in cell-cell recognition

Answer 30

Each of the 4 different blood types carries a slightly different version of a glycoprotein.

Question 31

Lipids

Answer 31

Functions: - Energy storage - Storage - Insulation - Protects organs - Hormonal - SEX HORMONES Many are composed of Fatty acids and glycerol

Question 31

Lipid Characteristics

Answer 31

Triglycerides, waxes, steroids, phospholipids Nonpolar Fat Higher ratios of C & H:O than carbohydrates Many C-H Bonds