Test 2-cardio/lymph Flashcards
(185 cards)
1
Q
What are the 4 functions of the heart?
A
generate BP, routing blood, ensuring one way flow, regulating blood supply
2
Q
how does the cardiovascular system ensure one way flow
A
valves
3
Q
how does the cardiovascular system regulate blood supply
A
changes in contraction rate and force match blood delivery to changing metabolic needs
4
Q
CO2/O2 exchange happens in __________.
A
capillaries
5
Q
What area is the heart located in?
A
Mediastinum
6
Q
What are the two main parts of the pericardium?
A
fibrous pericardium and serous pericardium
7
Q
what does the fibrous pericardium do?
A
prevents over distention and acts as an anchor
8
Q
what does the serous pericardium do?
A
made of the parietal pericardium which lines the fibrous outer layer and visceral pericardium (epicardium which covers the heart surface.
9
Q
what are the three layers of heart tissue
A
epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
10
Q
what is the myocardium
A
composed of caridac muscle cells and responsibility for heart contraction
11
Q
pectinate muslces
A
muscular ridges in auricles and right atrial walls
12
Q
trabeculae carnae
A
muscular ridges and columns on the inside walls of ventricles
13
Q
where does the right coronary artery supply blood
A
posterior aspect of heart
14
Q
where does the right marginal artery supply blood
A
lateral wall of right ventricle
15
Q
where does the posterior interventricular artery supply blood
A
posterior and inferior aspects of heart
16
Q
where does the left marginal artery supply blood to
A
lateral wall of left ventricle
17
Q
where does the circumflex artery supply blood?
A
extends to posterior aspect of heart
18
Q
what does the great cardiac and small cardiac vein do
A
drain right margin of the heart
19
Q
Where do veins of the heart empty before going to the right atrium
A
coronary sinus
20
Q
What three places does the right atrium receive blood from?
A
superior/inferior vena cava, coronary sinus
21
Q
where does the left atrium receive blood from
A
four pulmonary veins
22
Q
what is the interatrial septum
A
wall between the atria
23
Q
What is the fossa ovalis
A
a depression in the interatrial septum which is a remnant of the fetal opening between the atria
24
Q
what are tendon structures connected to the atrioventricular valves
A
chordae tendinae
25
what causes the atrioventricular valves to open and close
papillary muscles
26
can the atrioventricular valves be open at the same time as the semilunar valves?
no
27
What is the precursor structure to the fossa ovalis
foramen ovale
28
what are the characteristics of cardiac muslce
elongated, branching cells containing 1-2 centrally located nuclei. contains actin and myosin myofilaments.
29
what are intercalated disks
specialized cell-cell contacts. cell membranes interdigitate, desmosomes hold cells together, and gap junctions allow action potentials to propagate
30
What is the first step of conduction through the heart
SA nodes initiate action potential and travels through the atria
31
what is the second step in conduction through the heart
action potentials reach the AV node at the bottom of the right atrium and pass through the av bundle
32
what is the third step in conduction through the heart
the AV bundle divides into right and left branches and action potential moves down the interventricular septum
33
what is the fourth step in the conduction through the heart
action potential is carried by purkinje fibers from the bundle branches to the ventricular walls and papillary muslces
34
what is an ectopic pacemaker or ectopic focus
excitable group of cells that cause a premature heart beat outside of normally functioning SA node of heart
35
What creates the plateau phase of the action potential
Ca+2 channels stay open which lengthens the depolarization effects
36
in skeletal muscle the action potential is conducted along the length of a single fiber. How is cardiac muscle different?
action potential conducted from cell to cell
37
Why is cardiac action potential propagation slower than skeletal?
gap junctions and small diameter of fibers
38
what is absolute refractory period
cardiac muscle cell completely insensitive to further stimulation for a short period
39
what is relative refractory period
cell exhibits reduced sensitivity to additional stimulation
40
what is long refractory period
prevents tetanic contractions
41
What happens during the P wave
atrial depolarization and onset of atrial contraction
42
what happens during the QRS complex
ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization. ventricular contraction
43
what happens during the T wave
repolarizaiton of ventricles preceds ventricular relaxation
44
diastole is _______
| systole is ________
contraction
| relaxation
45
What is the first heart sound and what happens
lubb. AV valves close
46
What is the second heart sound and what happens
dupp. semilunar valves close
47
if there is a third heart sound what does that indicate
turbulent flood flow into ventricles and detected near end of first third of diastole
48
what is mean arterial pressure (MAP)? how is it calculated
average blood pressure in the aorta. cardiac output x peripheral resistance.
49
What is cardiac output and how is it calculated?
amount of blood pumped by heart per minute. stroke volume x heart rate
50
what is venous return
amount of blood returning to heart from peripheral circulation
51
What is end-diastolic/systolic reserve volume
amount of blood left in ventricle at end of filling/end point ejection
52
What is cardiac reserve
difference between CO at rest and maximum CO
53
What is peripheral resistance
total resistance against which blood must be pumped
54
intrinsic regulation
results from normal functional characteristics (not neural or hormonal regulation)
55
what is preload
amount of stretch of the ventricular walls. the greater the preload the greater the force of contraction
56
what is afterload
pressure the contracting ventricles must produce to overcome the pressure in the aorta and move blood into the aorta
57
extrinsic regulation
neural and hormonal control of the heart
58
parasympathetic stimulation
supplied by vagus nerve, decreases heart rate, acetylcholine is secreted and hyperpolarizes the heart.
59
sympathetic stimulation
supplied by cardiac nerves which innervate the SA and AV nodes, coronary vessels, and atrial and ventricular myocardium. Increases heart rate and force of contraction. Epi and Norepi released
60
What happens when the heart beat increases
increases cardiac output causes a lower end-systolic volume. heart empties to a greater extent
61
How does epinephrine and norepinephrine control the heart
quick response increases heart rate and pumps blood out faster
62
What does excess extracellular potassium do
increases the heart rate and stroke volume (tachycardia) initially and then leads to a slower heart rate (bradycardia/heart block)
63
what does a deficiency in extracellular potassium do
decreases heart rate and no change in force
64
what does excess extracellular calcium do
lowers action potential frequency and therefore heart rate
65
what does a extracellular calcium deficiency do
increases heart rate. death usually due to tetany of skeletal muslce before heart
66
where are barorecptors located. where do they send information?
internal carotids. medulla oblongata
67
where are oxygen chemoreceptors located
aorta, internal carotids
68
where are receptors for H+, CO2, located
medulla oblongata
69
how is temperature related to heart rate
directly proportional
70
what will the cardioregulatory center to to the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems if blood pressure increases? decreases?
1. parasympathetic up, sympathetic down
| 2. parasympathetic down, sympathetic down
71
what will the cardioregulatory center to to the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems if blood pH increases? decreases?
1. 1. parasympathetic up, sympathetic down
| 2. parasympathetic down, sympathetic down
72
What are the effects of aging on the heart
more significant response to excercise, hypertrophy of left ventricle, decrease in maximum heart rate, increased tendency for abnormal heart function, atrophy of cells contraction= arrhythmia, coronary artery disease, congestive heart disease
73
What are the functions of the circulatory system
carry blood, exchange nutrients, waste products, and gasses, transport molecules, regulate blood pressure, directs blood flow.
74
what is the flow of blood from elastic arteries to large veins
elastic arteries, muscular arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, small veins, medium/large veins.
75
What are the three main layers of vessels
tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica adventitia
76
What are some characteristics of the tunica intima
it is the innermost layer which is surrounded by a basal membrane,connective tissue layer, and internal elastic membrane
77
What are some characteristics of the tunica media
smooth muscle cells arranged circularly around the blood vessel
78
what happens to the bp and flow during vasoconstriction? vasodilation?
1. up, down
| 2. down, up
79
What are some characteristics of the tunica adventitia
connective tissue that varies from dense regular towards the center of the vessel to loose farther from the vessel
80
What are elastic or conducting arteries
large diameter and higher pressure when fluctuating between systolic and diastolic. more elastic tissue than muscle. Thick tunica intima and thin tunica adventitia
81
What are muscular arteries
more smooth muscle allows vessel to regulate blood supply by constricting or dilating
82
what are arterioles
smallest arteries where the three tunics can still be differentiated. transport blood from small arteries to capillaries
83
capillaries
consists of endothelial cells (simple squamous), basal membrane, and loose CT. scattered pericapillary cells
84
what are pericapillary cells
cell between the endothelial cell and basal membrane which includes fibroblasts, macrophages, or undifferentiated smooth muscle cells
85
how do lipid soluble and small water soluble molecules move through the PM
diffusion
86
how do large water soluble molecules get out of cappilaries
move through fenestrae or between endothelial cells
87
what are the 5 types of cappilaries
continuous, fenestrated, sinusoidal, venous sinuses
88
continuous cappilary
no gaps b/w endothelial cells, no fenestrae, less permeable to molecules. muscle, nervous tissue
89
fenestrated capillaries
endothelial cells have numerous fenestrae, pores, highly permeable. intestinal villi, ciliary process of eye, choroid plexus, glomeruli of kidney
90
sinusoidal capillaries
large diameter with large fenestrae, less basement membrane permeable to large molecules like hormones
91
venous sinuses
most permeable to molecules like RBC is spleen
92
metarterioles
connect arteriole with cappilary system
93
thoroughfare channel
main channel which connects arteriole and venule
94
venules
drain capillary network. have endothelial cells with little amount of smooth muscle
95
small veins
have smooth muscle which forms a continuous layer
96
large veins
tunica intima is thin, adventitia is predominant layer.
97
what are valves made of in veins, where are they most concentrated
made of folds in intima. more in lower extremeties
98
what is the order of flow from elastic arteries to medium and large veisn
elastic arteries, musclular arteries, arterioles, metarterioles, thoroughfare channels, precapillary sphincters, arterial caps, venous caps, venules, small veins, medium/large veins
99
vasa vasorum
blood vessels that supply the walls of arteries and veins
100
portal veins
connects two capillary network without a pumping mechanism in between.
101
arterivenous anastemoses
arterioles to small veins with no capillaries. found in sole of foot, palm of hand, terminal phalanges, nail bed
102
what types of vessels are most innervated
small arteries and arterioles
103
arterisclerosis
degenerative change making arteries less elastic
104
atherosclerosis
deposition of plaque on walls between endothelium and vessel wall
105
what three arteries exit the aortic arch
brachiocephalic, left common carotid, left subclavian
106
which arteries does the shoulder, chest, and back receive blood from
subclavian and axillary
107
what artery does the palm receive blood from
superficial and deep palmar arches
108
what artery does the thumb and fingers receive blood from
digital arches
109
what organs do the celiac trunk supply blood to
stomach, duodenum, liver
110
what organs do the splenic artery supply
stomach and spleen
111
what organs do the superior messenteric artery supply
pancreas, small intestine, and colon
112
what organs do the inferior messenteric artery supply
colon and rectum
113
what are the major veins which return blood to the right atrium
superior/inferior vena cava, coronary sinus
114
types of veins
superficial, deep, sinuses
115
What are the two portal systems in the body
hypothalamohypophyseal portal and hepatic portal
116
What does the hepatic portal system connect? Is it poor/rich in nutrients/toxins?
connects intestinal capillaries to liver. nutrient rich and toxin rich. liver will biotransform toxic substances into non toxic substances and/or can transport to the liver
117
What is the past of blood in the hepatic portal vein
capillaries in GI tract, hepatic portal vein, liver sinusoids (caps), hepatic veins
118
what is blood pressure
measure of force exerted by blood against the wall
119
what are korotkoff sounds and how are they used to measure blood pressure?
sounds produced by blood flowing through vessels while releasing pressure in a cuff. The first sound of crisp tapping is the cystolic and when the sound goes away that is the diastolic
120
laminar flow
streamlined flow in which interior of blood vessel is smooth and equal diameter. The outer layer moves slower than the inner layer
121
turbulent flow
interrupted flow in which fluid is passing a constriction, sharp turn or rough surface
122
how is rate of flow expressed?
volume/time (L/min)
123
How is flow effected if P1 increases, resistence decreases? flow=(P1-P2)/R
1. flow up
| 2. flow up
124
How is viscosity, length, and diameter related to resistance =(128vl)/(piD^4)
v- proportional
l- proportional
D- inversely proportional
125
how does the cardiovascular increase flow during a work out
increase diameter
126
What blood component influences viscosity the most?
RBC count (hematocrit)
127
critical closing pressure
pressure at which a blood vessel collapses and blood flow stops
128
laplace's law
F=diameter x pressure
129
vascular compliance
blood vessel gets bigger as pressure increases to accommodate.
130
does the venous system or arterial system have greater compliance
venous to act as blood reservoir
131
does cross sectional area increase or decrease as diameter decreases?
increase
132
does flow increase or decrease with a decrease in diameter
decrease
133
does pressure increase or decrease as diameter decreases
decrease
134
what affects capillary exchange
BP, capillary permeability, and osmosis
135
What two factors affect net filtration pressure (force responsible for moving fluids across capillary walls)
hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure
136
hydrostatic pressure
physical pressure of blood flowing through vessels or fluid in interstitial spaces
137
osmotic pressure
movement of solutes from an area of high concentration to low
138
what are the 4 fluid pressures
blood colloid osmotic pressure, blood hydrostatic pressure, interstitial colloid osmotic pressure, tissue hydrostatic pressure
139
what is net filtration pressure
net hydrostatic pressure-net osmotic pressure
140
What happens when capillaries become more permeable?
proteins can leak into interstitial fluid increasing ICOP. fluids move from capillaries into the interstitial fluid causing edema
141
what leads to edema
inflammatory chemicals increase permeability, hypertonic conditions of plasma proteins reduces BCOP , blockage of veins , blockage or removal of lymph vessels
142
venous tone
continual state of partial contraction
143
how does gravity affect blood pressure
in a standing position, hydrostatic pressure increases BP below heart and decreases above heart
144
what are the three types of control in terms of blood flow in tissues
local control, nervous system, and hormonal control
145
local control of blood flow in tissues
blood flow should be proportional to metabolic needs (capillary sphincter)
146
nervous system control of blood flow in tissues
responsible for routing blood flow and maintaining pressure
147
hormonal control of blood flow in tissues
sympathetic action potentials stimulate epinephrine ann norepinephrine
148
vasomotion
periodic contraction and relaxation of precapillary sphincters
149
what is the long term local control of blood flowo
capillaries become more dense in a region that regularly has increased metabolic rate
150
what happens in the adrenal medullary mechanism response to increase sympathetic stimulation?
adrenal medulla releases epi and norepi which mimics sympathetic stimulation of heart and blood vessels.
151
what different effects does epinephrine have
epi acts on alpha receptors causing vasoconstriction and beta receptors cause vasodilation
152
CNS ischemic response
elevation of BP in response to lack of blood flow to the medulla oblongata
153
long term regulation of blood pressure
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism, vasopresin, atrial natriuretic mechanism, fluid shift mechanism, stress-relaxation response
154
what is the renin angiotensin aldosterone mechanism
kidneys detect decreased BP, secrete renin, which converts angiotensis to angiotensin I, ACE converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II, angiotensin II is a vasoconstrictor and stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone which causes reuptake of water and increases BP
155
how does ADH increase BP
increases reabsorbtion of water in the kidneys
156
atrial natriuretic hormone
released from cardiac muscle cells when BP increases, simulating an increase in urinary production causing a decrease in blood volume and pressure
157
fluid shift
movement of fluid from interstitial spaces into capillaries in response to low BP
158
stress relaxation response
adjustment of blood vessel smooth muscle response to changes in volume
159
effects of aging on the circulatory system
degenerative changes, increased resistance to flow
160
What are the three functions of the lymphatic system
fluid balance, fat absorption, defense
161
how does the lymphatic system control fluids
excess interstitial fluids enter lymphatic capillaries and become lymph
162
what is chyle
a fluid from the digestive tract that contains absorbed fat.
163
how does the lymphatic system aid in defense
the lymphatic system filters foreign substances from lymph in the lymph nodes
164
lymphedema
swelling that generally occurs in arms or legs caused by removal or damage to the lymph nodes which prevents lymph fluid from draining well
165
what is lymph made of
water + solutes
166
where do the solutes in lymph come from?
blood plasma and cells
167
What do lymphatic vessels do
carry lymph away from heart
168
are lymphatic capillaries more or less permeable than blood capillaries
more
169
what are lymph nodes
areas distributed along vessels that filter lymph
170
what are lymphatic ducts
ducts which drain tissue and move lymph into major veins
171
where does the right lymphatic duct drain lymph from
right side of head, right upper limb, right thorax
172
where does the thoracic duct drain lymph from
left side of head, left upper limb, left thorax and both legs
173
what fibers act as a filter net
fine collagen reticular fibers produced by reticular cells
174
what are three examples of encapsulated lymphatic tissue
lymph nodes, spleen, thymus
175
what are two examples of nonencapsulated lymphatic tissue
peyer's patches, and tonsils
176
what is diffuse lymphatic tissue?
dispersed lymphocytes and macrophages. blends with other tissues
177
what are characteristics of lymphatic nodules
denser aggregations and numerous loose connective tissue
178
what is the purpose of tonisls
provide protection against foreign substances in the nasopharynx and oral cavity
179
what are the three types of tonsils
palatine, pharyngeal, lingual
180
what do lymph nodes do
remove substances by phagocytosis or stimulate lymphocytes to proliferate in germinal centers
181
what are the functions of the spleen
destroy defective RBC, detects and responds to foreign substances, limited reservoir for blood
182
what happens during slow flow in the spleen
there is no direct capillary connection between arteries and veins so blood percolates through splenic cords
183
what are splenic cords
reticular cells which produce reticular ribers
184
where does the thymus have the most amount of lymphocytes
cortex
185
what happens in the thymus
site of maturation for T cells which attack foreign substances
