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Histology - BIOL 530 > Test 2 - Cartilage & Bone > Flashcards

Test 2 - Cartilage & Bone Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 functions of cartilage?

A
  1. flexible support
  2. resistance to compression and deformation
  3. template for bone growth
  4. cushioning
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2
Q

What are the 5 general features of cartilage?

A
  1. chondrocytes in lacunae
  2. chondroblasts in isogenous groups
  3. solid, gel-like
  4. multiple collagen types
  5. avascular
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3
Q

Describe the appearance of hyaline cartilage while describing why the matrix appears as it does.

A

layered.. dense CT at top and is eosinophilic (pos. charges) … interterritorial matrix has sulfated proteoglycans around lacunae and is hemophilic (negative charges from sulfates)

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4
Q

What is endochondral ossification, and which type of cartilage does it use?

A

It is the growth of long bones and uses hyaline cartilage

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5
Q

Describe the appearance of elastic cartilage while describing why the matrix appears as it does.

A

It looks like hyaline, but the ECM is more pink and the fibers are highly branched.

It does not calcify

Type II collagen

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6
Q

Describe fibrocartilage’s appearance

A
  1. combo of dense connective tissue and type I and II collagen fibers
  2. calcified during bone repair
  3. no true perichondrium
  4. all about collagen fibers
  5. RARE
  6. looks like dense regular connective tissue but with lacunae
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7
Q

Hyaline cartilage function (6)

A
  1. resists compression
  2. cushion
  3. low friction (joints)
  4. structural support
  5. fetal skeleton template
  6. endochondral bone formation and growth
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8
Q

Hyaline cartilage locations (8):

A
  1. fetal skeleton
  2. epiphyseal plate
  3. articular surface of synovial joints
  4. costal cartilages
  5. nasal cavity
  6. larynx
  7. trachea
  8. bronchi
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9
Q

Elastic cartilage function

A

flexible support (elastic, resilient)

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10
Q

Elastic cartilage location

A
  1. pinna of external ear
  2. external auditory meatus
  3. Eustachian tubes
  4. larynx (epiglottis)
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11
Q

Fibrocartilage function

A

resist deformation under stress

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12
Q

Fibrocartilage locations (6)

A
  1. intervertebral discs
  2. symphysis pubis
  3. articular discs
  4. menisci
  5. triangular fibrocartilage complex
  6. insertion of tendons
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13
Q

How does cartilage ossify?

A

matrix change and turns cartilage into bone by adding a lot of calcium which then causes it to calcify and allows it to mineralize and harden

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14
Q

Describe the chemistry of bone.

A

formed by hydroxyapatite crystals (CA10(PO4)6(OH)2)

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15
Q

Contrast long bone and flat bone ossification patterns.

A
  • Long bone use cartilage and undergo endochondral ossification

vs.

  • Flat bones do not utilize cartilage and undergo intramembranous ossification
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16
Q

Compare and contrast immature and mature bone

A

Immature
- no lamellae
- cells randomly arranged (in lacuna)
- has vasculature, but not organized

Mature
- concentric lamellae
- made of organized cells in osteons (lacuna)
- vascular & nerve elements in Volkmann’s and Haversian canals

17
Q

Describe the structure of an osteon an its components.

A

Osteon made of concentric rings, lamellae, with osteocytes in lacuna attached to each other by canaliculi with a hole in the center for vessels (Haversian canal). Volkmann’s canals run parallel to the osteon. There are also interstitial lamella that don’t make up a full osteon, but fill in the gaps in between.

18
Q

What is different about an osteocyte during different functional stages?

A

In order of increasing maturity:
1. osteoprogenitor cells: renewable like a stem cell - come from bone marrow
2. osteoblasts: secrete type I and V collagen (building bone)
3. osteocytes: surrounded by calcified matrix - make hydroxyapatite

  • osteoclast: from whole separate cell lineage in marrow - closely related to macrophages - fx: remodeling - close to osteoblasts on sides of bone communicate via gap junctions
19
Q

What is the biggest difference between endochondral and intramembranous ossification types?

A

the types of bones and the usage of cartilage

20
Q

Describe bone remodeling.

A
  1. osteoclasts are activated and reabsorb at the epiphyseal plate in the absorption zone
  2. osteoblasts come in and make Type II collagen which forms a reticular fiber mesh framework for a foundation
  3. osteoblasts make type I collagen laid on Type II framework and bone growth continues

2 zones: 1. cutting zone 2. closing zone

21
Q

Describe hormones used in calcium homeostasis.

A
  1. parathyroid hormone (PTH) - activated with low blood calcium levels
  2. calcitonin - activated with high blood calcium levels
22
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A
  • excreted by parathyroid
  • activated with low blood Ca
  • decreases kidney release of Ca
  • increases absorption of Ca in small intestine
  • directly bind to osteoclasts to activate
  • increase PO4 excretion by kidneys
23
Q

Calcitonin

A
  • excreted by thyroid
  • prohibits PTH from binding to osteoclasts (agonist)
  • activated with increase blood calcium
24
Q
A

Histology - BIOL 530 (17 decks)

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