Test 2 (Ch. 3 & 4)

Question 1

Sensation

Answer 1

How we receive information from our senses from the world

Question 2

Transduction

Answer 2

The information we receive from our senses is changed. Transduction is when the sense information is changed to ACTION POTENTIALS that travel to our brains (they travel to our brains by neurons/nerves).

Question 3

Perception

Answer 3

BRAIN INTERPRETS THE ACTION POTENTIALS (WHICH WERE ORIGINALLY SENSORY INFORMATION)

Question 4

Sensory Adaption

Answer 4

Our senses adapt to different intensities in the world (e.g. movie theater – light v. dark)

Question 5

Absolute Threshold

Answer 5

How strong does a stimulus have to be before we detect it (e.g. certain animals can detect certain stimuli long before we can)

Question 6

Signal Detection Theory

Answer 6

Trying to detect a stimulus or detect when the stimulus is no longer there

Question 7

hit

Answer 7

the stimulus is there and we detect it (signal detection theory)

Question 8

miss

Answer 8

the simulus is there but we fail to detect it (signal detection theory)

Question 9

False Alarm

Answer 9

we think the stimulus is there, but it is not (signal detection theory)

Question 10

correct rejection

Answer 10

we correctly identify that the stimulus is not there

signal detection theory

Question 11

sensitivity

Answer 11

when it is easier to tell the differences between stimuli – like a rainy vs. sunny day
(signal detection theory)

Question 12

The Just Noticable Difference and Weber’s Law

Answer 12

i. Wanting to know when the intensity of a stimulus has changed (e.g. barking dog)
ii. Weber’s Law – the change in the stimulus can be different for different reasons

Question 13

Subliminal Perception

Answer 13

a. Can something we cannot detect still consciously affect us?
b. Study – subliminal exposure to white faces increased prejudice to non-white faces

Question 14

Cornea

Answer 14

Outer most corner of the eye.
-protects eye
-bends light so it can reach back of your head (occipital lobe)
Visual System (sensation)

Question 15

Pupil

Answer 15

black dot in center of eye

pupil is really a hole so light can pass through

Question 16

Iris

Answer 16

the colored part of the eye – opens and crunches the pupil based on darkness or brightness outside

Question 17

Lens

Answer 17

(eye) helps you focus

Question 18

retina

Answer 18

back of your eye – macula (responsible for central vision); fovea (most detailed vision); blind spot (area of the retina where there are no light sensitive cells.

Question 19

myopia

Answer 19

near sightedness (can’t see far)

Question 20

hyperopia

Answer 20

far sightedness (cant see close)

Question 21

astigmatism

Answer 21

cornea not perfectly shaped

Question 22

presbyopia

Answer 22

old sightedness

Question 23

cataracts

Answer 23

lens becomes cloudy

Question 24

glaucoma

Answer 24

fluid in eye doesn’t drain.

if too much fluid builds up then may go blind

Question 25

photoreceptors

Answer 25

Sensitive to light a. Cones – daytime vision; allows us to see color; dim light is hard for the cones b. Rods – vision in dim light; does not allow us to see color well

Question 26

Color and color vision

Answer 26

iv. Color and color vision 1. Hue – the name of a color 2. The color we see depends on wavelenghths of light 3. Trichromatic theory – just need three receptors to detect all the different colors 4. Opponent process theory –give green-red flag example

Question 27

perception

Answer 27

Our life experiences enables us to perceive/interpret what we see in the world through educated guesses

Question 28

unconscious inferences

Answer 28

we are not aware that we are making these inferences but they affect our interpretation of the world

Question 29

likelihood principle

Answer 29

we interpret things based on what is most likely according to our experiences

Question 30

perception involves two processes

Answer 30

Data driven processing/bottom up processing Information from our senses & Theory driven processing/top down processing How our background information influences perception

Question 31

Perceptual set

Answer 31

we interpret based on our expectations and theories about the world

Question 32

Shape constancy

Answer 32

e.g. – we know the shape of a glass is the same even though we are tipping it to take a drink

Question 33

Position constancy

Answer 33

e.g. we look throughout a room, but we know the furniture is not moving

Question 34

Color constancy

Answer 34

e.g. apple is still red, even if the lighting in the room gives it a different shade

Question 35

gestalt principles

Answer 35

we automatically organize information from our senses

Question 36

figure-ground

Answer 36

(gestalt) figure is what we focus on (differs for everyone), ground is everything else

Question 37

depth perception

Answer 37

our perceptual system can interpret depth in many different ways

Question 38

perception across senses

Answer 38

one sense can influence how other senses perceive information

Question 39

synesthesia

Answer 39

seeing color, when color is not there

Question 40

selective attention

Answer 40

attend to certain things and ignore others

Question 41

divided attention

Answer 41

paying attention to different things at one time

Question 42

automaticity

Answer 42

behaviors we don't have to "think" about bc of practice

Question 43

stroop effect

Answer 43

automatic to read the word, not say the color

Question 44

sustained attention

Answer 44

keep attention for a period of time

Question 45

vigilance decrement

Answer 45

start loosing sustained attention

Question 46

learning

Answer 46

encountering experiences that may or may not change you

Question 47

classical conditioning

Answer 47

Paulou (dog)(behaviorism)

Question 48

unconditioned stimulus

Answer 48

unconditioned response

Question 49

conditioned stimulus

Answer 49

elicits a behavior that isn't natural | e.g. salivating at human not food

Question 50

autoshaping

Answer 50

a reinforcer is paired with a stimulus

Question 51

appetitive conditioning

Answer 51

pleasant stimulus is presented like food or water

Question 52

aversive conditioning

Answer 52

carrot cake

Question 53

second or higher order conditioning

Answer 53

pairing conditioners

Question 54

acquisition

Answer 54

number of times you have to pair a cs with a ucs for association

Question 55

extinction

Answer 55

no longer pairing cs with ucs

Question 56

generalization

Answer 56

slight change to cs, still see cr

Question 57

discrimination

Answer 57

cs changes the cr is less likely to occur

Question 58

operant conditioning

Answer 58

bf skinner conditioning behavior that was initially spontaneous, with reinforcement or punishment

Question 59

thorndike

Answer 59

law of effect (if it produces a satisfied state we continue doing it)

Question 60

positive and negative reinforcement

Answer 60

increase behavior positive (treat for doing hw) negative (escape or avoid a stimulus, studying avoids bad grade, escape alarm by turning off)

Question 61

positive and negative punishment

Answer 61

decreases behavior positive (add spanking) Negative (take away a toy)

Question 62

shaping

Answer 62

reinforcing small steps to achieve a more complex final behavior

Question 63

over justification effect

Answer 63

intrinsic/internal satisfaction is removed when paid to do something you love

Question 64

schedules of reinforcements

Answer 64

continuous v intermittent fixed v variable interval schedule fixed v variable ratio schedule

Question 65

observational learning

Answer 65

learn by watching others

Question 66

implicit learning

Answer 66

your unaware of it, but your learning