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Geog 121 (Physical Geography) > Test 2 (Ch. 7 - 20) > Flashcards

Test 2 (Ch. 7 - 20) Flashcards

1
Q

monorovicic discontinuity

A

narrow zone of change in mineral composition at the crust

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2
Q

lithosphere

A

rigid outer layer of mantle

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3
Q

asthenosphere

A

easily deformed midlayer of mantle

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4
Q

lower mantle

A

rigid bottom layer of mantle, rigid due to pressure

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5
Q

outer core

A

liquid, generates Earth’s magnetic field

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6
Q

inner core

A

solid bc of high pressure

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7
Q

minerals are…
snnsa

A

solid
naturally occurring
nonliving
specific chem. composition, lil variation
atoms arranged in a pattern (crystals)

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8
Q

rocks

A

made of minerals; igneous, metamorphic, sedimentary

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9
Q

silicates

A

oxygen and silicon, largest group

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10
Q

oxides

A

element and oxygen

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11
Q

sulfides

A

elements and sulfur

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12
Q

sulfates

A

element and oxygen and sulfur

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13
Q

carbonates

A

element(s) and carbon and oxygen (colorless)

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14
Q

halides

A

rarest (salty)

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15
Q

native

A

precious metals!

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16
Q

igneous rocks

A

cooling and solidifying of magma. plutonic and volcanic

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17
Q

sedimentary

A

consolidation of particles, detrial and chemical/organic

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18
Q

metamorphic

A

heat and pressure take action on other rocks. foliated and nonfoliated

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19
Q

rock cycle
s/s/s/m/i/e/h

A

solar energy, sediments, sedimentary rocks, metamorphic rock, intrusive igneous, extrusive igneous, heat and pressure

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20
Q

oceanic/continental lithosphere

A

ocean litho. is denser than continental litho.

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21
Q

isostacy

A

lithosphere floats on asthenosphere, earth’s crust adjusts because of that

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22
Q

topography

A

surface appearance of earth

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23
Q

geomorphology

A

characteristics and development of landforms (structure, process, slope, drainage)

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24
Q

internal vs. external processes

A

within earth, or from above the lithosphere

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25
Q

uniformitarianism

A

the present is the key to the past!

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26
Q

geologic time

A

age of earth and the geologic time scale

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27
Q

crust

A

5km-20km, the wrapping on the basketball

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28
Q

mantle

A

extends to 2900km, largest, three parts (litho, astheno, lower mantle), hard ice cream

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29
Q

cores

A

outer and inner, outer controls earth’s magnetic field bc it rotates!

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30
Q

intrusive igneous

A

coarse grained, cools slowly below the surface and has time to crystallize

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31
Q

extrusive igneous

A

fine grained, cool quickly at surface and cannot see crystals with the naked eye

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32
Q

pyroclastic rock

A

rock that forms from material ejected from volcanos, like pumice and obsidian (froth on root beer)

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33
Q

strata

A

layers of the earth

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34
Q

three ways to make sedimentary rocks

A

1) weathering deposits bits that solidify over time
2) minerals precipitate out of solution (the ocean, limestone)
3) form from skeletons of other animals (fossils)

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35
Q

lithification

A

turn into stone (sedimentary)

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36
Q

sedimentary clastic rocks

A

fragments of preexisting rocks

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37
Q

conglomerate

A

pebble sized fragments in rocks

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38
Q

sedimentary chemical and organic rocks

A

crystal grains grow together
chemical: formed by precipitation of soluble materials and complicated chemical reaction
organic: formed by bits of dead remains

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39
Q

contact metamorphism

A

rock contacts magma and is rearranged

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40
Q

regional metamorphism

A

large volumes of rock are cooked by pressure over time

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41
Q

regional metamorphism

A

large volumes of rock are cooked by pressure over time

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42
Q

foliation

A

bonding that occurs when rocks are cooked (schist, gneiss)

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43
Q

pangea evidence (wegner)

A

fit of continents
glacial deposits far from poles
coal swamps/reef deposits
distribution of fossils
matching geologic units

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44
Q

midocean ridges

A

crust is thin or absent here, thickest at continents. this is where earthquakes occur

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45
Q

mantle convection is why the plates ________

A

move, lithosphere floats on asthenosphere

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46
Q

divergent boundary

A

plates pull away

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47
Q

convergent boundary

A

plates slam together

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48
Q

transform boundary

A

plates slide past each other

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49
Q

extrusive vs. intrusive volcanism

A

e: on earth’s surface, basalt

i: below the surface, granite

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50
Q

high vs. low silica content

A

high silica: high viscosity (thick), pyroclastic, explosive eruptions

low silica: low viscosity (thin), gentle but fast eruptions

51
Q

types of volcanoes (6)
s/c/ld/cc/c/vn

A

shield volcano: low silica, easily flows and grows

composite volcano: high/low silica, the movies

lava domes: masses of dormant lava that don’t flow far and bulge as eruptions approach, composite

cinder cones: baby volcanoes that grow on others, composite

calderas: result from exploded volcano, crater lakes

volcanic necks: pipe of an old volcano that filled with solid lava

52
Q

types of crustal folding (2)
a/s

A

anticline/upfold: A
syncline/downfold: V

53
Q

types of crustal faulting (4)
n/r/t/ss

A

normal: pulled apart

reverse: compression

thrust: gently compression, up and over

strike-slip: slide past each other (streams)

54
Q

earthquakes are caused by a sudden _______ along a ________

A

displacement, fault

55
Q

weathering

A

small scale breakdown of material, insitchu

56
Q

mechanical weathering

A

physical disintegration of rock without changes to its chemical composition

ex; salt wedging, frost wedging, temp changes, exfoliation

cool and dry climate

57
Q

chemical weathering

A

decomposition of material through chemical alteration of minerals (requires moisture)

ex; oxidation

warm and humid climate

58
Q

biotic weathering

A

roots, burrowing animals altering the rock structure

ex; lichens on rock

59
Q

mass wasting

A

large scale movement of material. ex; talus cones on mountains!

60
Q

slow mass wasting: creep

A

small, precise movements that show visual confirmation of movement.

ex; tree trunk grows out of a slope, leaning headstones and poles, cracked roads

61
Q

fast mass wasting: fall

A

steep slopes, material breaks down and drops

ex; collects in talus cones

62
Q

instant mass wasting: slide/slump

A

initiated by water, leaves behind scars on the land. slump is when it rotates

ex; landslide

63
Q

fast mass wasting: flow

A

lots of water involved, pores in the surrounding material saturate

ex; mudflows

64
Q

what are fluvial processes?

A

running water

65
Q

overland vs. stream flow

A

over: unchannelled flow, high elevation

stream: channelled water movement, increases erosion

66
Q

stream order

A

the first stream is the smallest, they increase in size and strength as you go up.

67
Q

stream competence

A

measures the maximum PARTICLE size a stream can transport, increases with velocity

68
Q

stream capacity

A

measures the amount of SOLID material a stream can transport, increases with discharge

69
Q

stream channells (4)
s/s/m/b

A
  1. straight channel: short, young, high geologic control
  2. sinuous channel: irregular, gently curve, older
  3. meandering channel: highly variable curves, older
  4. braided streams: many interwoven streams, lots of sediment, glaciers
70
Q

stream drainage patterns (2)
d/t

A
  1. dendritic: tree pattern with random merging
  2. trellis: forms in alternating soft/hard bedrock
71
Q

downcutting

A

the power of moving water to lower the stream bed in search of the base level.

72
Q

knickpoints

A

channel irregularities like waterfalls and rapids, knickpoint migration (niagara falls)

73
Q

thalweg

A

the fastest speed in a channel, migrates as channel meanders bc of friction

74
Q

cut bank

A

water moves fast on the edges of streams and cuts the bank back

75
Q

point bar

A

water moves slowest on the inside curve of streams, lots of deposition occurs

76
Q

oxbow lakes

A

indicator of high erosion on a floodplain, leaves a ‘scar’ on the land

77
Q

delta formation (river to ocean)

A

slowed flow, sediment is deposited, spreads out and slows down

78
Q

residence time

A

the time a water molecule is in the hydrologic cycle

79
Q

zone of saturation vs. zone of aeration

A

wet layer and the semi wet or dry layer directly above it!

80
Q

salinity ______ the density of the water

A

increases

81
Q

ocean water movement (temp and density)

NH goes ____
SH goes _____

A

high temp = low density
high salinity = high density
high density water SINKS

NH = right
SH = left

82
Q

spring vs. neap tides

A

spring: moon full/new, highest

neap: in between, 1/4 or 3/4

83
Q

porosity and permeability

A

porosity: how big are the spaces?

permeability: how easily can H2O flow through?

high porosity, low permeability = styrofoam

84
Q

lakes require: (2)

A
  1. natural basin with restricted outlet
  2. partly full
85
Q

5% of wetlands reduces floodwater peak by ___%

A

50%

86
Q

ice is _______ in erosive quality than water

A

stronger

87
Q

stability (glaciers)

A

balance between accumulation and ablation

88
Q

neve

A

what snow is compressed into in glaciers before becoming glacial ice

snowflakes, granular snow, neve, glacier ice

89
Q

ablation zone

A

where glaciers are receeding. evaporation > precipiation, ice is thinning and receeding

90
Q

accumulation zone

A

precipitation > evaporation, increasing glacier’s flow

91
Q

glacial flow

A

internal movement of a glacier, molecules. occurs in response to weight/pressure

92
Q

glacial plucking

A

picking up rock material by refreezing meltwater

93
Q

glacial abrasion

A

bedrock worn down by rock debris embedded in the glacier

94
Q

triangular, rounded rocks are a sign of a ________.

if they are very rounded, it is a sign of transport by _______.

A

glacier

water

95
Q

moulins

A

cracks in the ice in which streams run–flowing water on moving ice, melt streams

96
Q

till

A

rock debris deposited by moving or melting ice

97
Q

glaciofluvial deposition

A

when subglacial streams from glaciers carry sedimentary material!

98
Q

stratified vs. unstratified

A

water sorts material when moving that material (stratified) OR it doesn’t (unstratified)

99
Q

continental ice sheets vs. mountain glaciers

A

polar latitudes vs. any latitude as long as cold

100
Q

moraines, rumlins, kettle holes

A

moraines: land made of till

rumlins: low hill left behind by a glacier. steep part points to where it came from

kettle holes: left after a glacial depression

101
Q

terminal, recissional, and ground

A

t: outermost limit of a glacier’s advance

r: position where ice was stabilized

g: till left from under the glacier

102
Q

pleistocene glaciation

A

the fancy word for the last ice age. 1/3 of the world was covered in ice. this is why we have the finger lakes

103
Q

causes of pleistocene glaciation

A

atmosphere circulation
variations in solar output
variations in CO2 levels in at.
changes in continental positions
cold vs. warm climate

104
Q

craggy peaks are a sign of a ________

A

glacier!

105
Q

cirque

A

ice accumulation grinds at the surface of a mountain and creates this kind of a basin

106
Q

arete vs. horn

A

thin razor between 2 CIRQUES

3 CIRQUE horn

107
Q

lateral vs. medial morains

A

lateral: side of the glacier

medial: lateral moraine between two glaciers

108
Q

ice in contact with water is _______ sensitive to change.

A

more!

109
Q

weather vs. climate

A

weather: short term, local

climate: long term, regional

110
Q

the koppen climate classification system is based on annual and monthly ________ and _________

A

precipitation, temperature

1st: group
2nd: precip
3rd: temp

ITCZ: A
Subrop Hi: BC
Polar Front: D
Polar Hi: E

111
Q

A - tropical

A

over 64, little temp change, ITCZ

112
Q

B - dry

A

30 degrees lat N and S, evap > precip, 30% of all land

113
Q

C - mild midlat

A

hot summers/mild winters

114
Q

D - severe midlat

A

snow in winter, mild summers, only in NH, continentality (far from oceans), Bing!

115
Q

E - polar

A

below 50, 60-90 degrees lat

116
Q

H - highlands

A

mountains, variable

117
Q

boundary conditions vs. forcing agents

A

b: factors out of our control that determine Earth’s climate

f: factors that force climate to change

118
Q

why does climate change?

A

solar fluctuations via sunspots
movement of continents
milankovitch cycles (differences between earth and sun, excentricity, obliquity, precession)
ocean/atmo interactions
atmospheric changes

119
Q

feedback mechanisms

A

systems in which changes in one variable create changes in another.

negative: stalls change
positive: promotes change

120
Q

how do we know what climate was in the past?
o16/o18/ic/sc/fl/tr/ss

A

isotopes!

o16 vs. o18, o18 needs more energy to evap. and precip.

ice cores: o18 needs high temps, so lots of o18 = hot climate

sediment cores: analyze o in shells of animals, o18 = lots of cold climate.

fossilized leaves: serrated edges = cool climate

tree rings: wide = good conditions for growing

sedimentary structures: ex; fossilized ripples, tell us about the water level and current speed

121
Q

younger dryas event

A

rapid cooling of temps likely due to mass glacial melt

122
Q

recent evidence of climate change
m/l/h

A

medieval climate anomaly
little ice age
hockey stick curve: climate spikes very recently when mapped over the last 1000 years

123
Q

the human element
mc/p/nv/m/f/sf

A

climate changes because humans added CO2 back into the atmosphere.

melting cryosphere
permafrost is no longer permanently frozen (positive feedback loop)
newtok village, AK is unstable
methane released from melting glacial ice
fewer cold days and more warm nights
storms and flooding are more severe

Geog 121 (Physical Geography) (2 decks)

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