test 2 (chapter 5,6,8,)

Question 1

What is a gene composed of

Answer 1

DNA that transcribes to produce an RNA molecule during transcription.

Question 2

what is mRNA and what does it do

Answer 2

Messenger RNA and it provides the information for the ribosome to catalyze protein synthesis in translation.

Question 3

what is gene expression?

Answer 3

the synthesis of a specific protein with a sequence of amino acids that is encoded into a gene.

Question 4

What is central dogma

Answer 4

the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein.

Question 5

what is a cells genotype

Answer 5

its full collection of its genes it contains.

Question 6

What is a cells phenotype

Answer 6

The set of observable characteristics from those genes.

Question 7

semiconservative replication

Answer 7

after replication each parent strand has a new and an old strand

Question 8

What is DNA pol 3

Answer 8

is required from DNA synthesis and adds deoxyribose nucleotides one by one on the 3’ -OH strand.

Question 9

what are DNA pol 1 and 2 for

Answer 9

repair.

Question 10

what is a histone

Answer 10

a protein that provides structural support for a chromosome.

Question 11

What happens if DNA is supercoiled?

Answer 11

it is inaccessible.

Question 12

How does DNA get un-supercoiled?

Answer 12

Topoisomerase(gyrase)

Question 13

What does helicase do

Answer 13

break the DNA structure by destroying the hydrogen bonds.

Question 14

What nucleotide has fewer hydrogen bonds?

Answer 14

AT

Question 15

What is primer?

Answer 15

a free 3’ -OH group that start the DNA synthesis.

Question 16

what is primer synthesized by

Answer 16

RNA primase.

Question 17

Ligase

Answer 17

Seals the gaps between the Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand to create one continuous DNA strand

Question 18

DNA pol 1

Answer 18

Exonuclease activity removes RNA primer and replaces it with newly synthesized DNA

Question 19

Topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase)

Answer 19

Relaxes supercoiled chromosome to make DNA more accessible for the initiation of replication; helps relieve the stress on DNA when unwinding, by causing breaks and then resealing the DNA

Question 20

Topoisomerase IV

Answer 20

Introduces single-stranded break into concatenated chromosomes to release them from each other, and then reseals the DNA

Question 21

A segment of DNA that codes for a functional product

Answer 21

gene

Question 22

What process converts one parental DNA strand into 2 identical offspring molecules

Answer 22

transcription

Question 23

In DNA replication the newly added nucleotide is joined to the growing DNA strand by

Answer 23

DNA polymerase

Question 24

DNA polymerase adds nucleotides specifically to the what prime side of the growing strand?

Answer 24

3 prime

Question 24

Which one of the following enzymes joins DNA strands, joins Okazaki fragments, and mends gaps in the DNA backbone during excision repair

Answer 24

DNA Ligase

Question 24

What carries the coded information for making specific proteins from DNA to ribosomes?

Answer 24

mRNA

Question 25

Which molecules recognize specific codons and transport amino acids to translate those specific codons?

Answer 25

tRNA

Question 25

A group of three nucleotides on mRNA is called a(n)

Answer 25

codon

Question 26

Transcription begins when RNA polymerase binds to the DNA at the

Answer 26

promoter

Question 27

of the 61 codons how many are sense codons

Answer 27

61 (3 are the telomeres)

Question 28

between 60 to 80 percent of genes are not regulated by the cell but are ______ in nature

Answer 28

constitutive

Question 29

What is the process that turns on the transcription of a gene or genes?

Answer 29

induction

Question 30

A group of genes that are transcribed together and controlled by one promoter defines a(n)

Answer 30

operon

Question 31

Inhibition of the metabolism of alternative carbon sources by glucose is called

Answer 31

catabolite repression

Question 32

ionizing radiation causes

Answer 32

DNA strand breaks

Question 33

Single-stranded RNA molecules that inhibit protein production in eukaryotic cells are known as

Answer 33

microRNAs

Question 34

thymine dimers can be repaired by light repair enzymes called

Answer 34

photolyases

Question 35

What is the most common type of mutation which involves single base pairs?

Answer 35

base substitution

Question 36

Mutations in which one or a few nucleotide pairs are deleted or inserted in the DNA are called

Answer 36

frameshift mutations

Question 36

Approximately what percentage of substances found by the Ames test to be mutagenic are also carcinogenic in animals?

Answer 36

90%

Question 37

The process of bacteria passing their genes to other microbes of the same generation is known as

Answer 37

horizontal gene shift

Question 38

Transformation is the transfer of DNA from a donor to a recipient cell via

Answer 38

naked DNA in solution

Question 39

The process in which bacterial DNA is transferred from a donor cell to a recipient cell inside a bacteriophage is called

Answer 39

transduction

Question 40

The process for gene transfer which requires cell- to-cell contact and a particular type of plasmid is called

Answer 40

conjugtion

Question 40

Which type of plasmids carry genes for sex pili and for the transfer of the plasmid to another cell?

Answer 40

conjugative plasmids.

Question 41

What are the small segments of DNA that can move from one region of a DNA molecule to another?

Answer 41

transposons

Question 42

The building of complex organic molecules from simpler ones is called

Answer 42

anabolism

Question 43

The breakdown of complex organic compounds into simpler ones is called

Answer 43

catabolism

Question 44

Inhibitors that fill the enzyme's active site and compete with the normal substrate are

Answer 44

competitive

Question 45

Enzymes increase the speed of a chemical reaction by

Answer 45

lowering the activation energy

Question 46

Many apoenzymes are inactive by themselves and must be activated by

Answer 46

cofactors

Question 47

The addition of phosphate to a chemical compound is called

Answer 47

phosphorylation

Question 48

In what process does the aerobic electron transport chain participate?

Answer 48

oxidative phosphorylation

Question 49

A molecule that undergoes reduction

Answer 49

gains electrons

Question 50

the energy from catabolic reactions is used to produce

Answer 50

ATP

Question 51

In which one of the following processes is light energy converted to ATP, which is then used to synthesize organic molecules?

Answer 51

photosynthesis

Question 52

In which one of the following processes is light energy converted to ATP, which is then used to synthesize organic molecules?

Answer 52

2 pyruvic acids, 2 atp, and 2 NADH

Question 53

In prokaryotes, how many ATP molecules are produced from the breakdown of one glucose via aerobic respiration

Answer 53

38

Question 54

The pentose phosphate pathway provides a means to break down glucose and

Answer 54

five carbon sugars

Question 55

The FIRST step in the Krebs cycle is combination of an acetyl group with oxaloacetic acid, leading to the formation of

Answer 55

citric acid

Question 56

In anaerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor is

Answer 56

an inorganic molecule other than oxygen

Question 57

Where does photosynthesis take place in eukaryotic cells?

Answer 57

chloroplasts

Question 58

In the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis

Answer 58

ADP is converted to ATP

Question 59

In the Calvin-Benson cycle

Answer 59

carbon dioxide is used to synthesize sugars

Question 60

Photosynthesis in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria produces

Answer 60

oxygen

Question 61

use electrons from reduced inorganic or organic compounds as a source of energy and CO2 as a source of carbon

Answer 61

chemoautotrophs

Question 62

In cyclic photophosphorylation, the electrons

Answer 62

return to chlorophyll

Question 63

In lipid biosynthesis, glycerol is derived from dihydroxyacetone phosphate formed during

Answer 63

glycolisis

Question 64

If an amine group added to a precursor comes from a preexisting amino acid, the process is called

Answer 64

transamination

Question 65

The five-carbon sugars of nucleotides are derived from either the

Answer 65

pentose phosphate pathway; entener duodorff pathway

Question 66

Metabolic pathways that function in BOTH anabolism and catabolism are called ________ pathways

Answer 66

amphiobolic

Question 67

In fermentation

Answer 67

the final electron acceptor is organic.

Question 68

an optimum PH for most bacteria is near

Answer 68

7

Question 69

A psychrophile has an optimal growth temperature of about

Answer 69

15C

Question 70

Organisms that require high salt concentrations for growth are called

Answer 70

obligate halophiles

Question 71

What is/are the energy source(s) utilized by primary producers in the hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor?

Answer 71

sulfur compounds

Question 72

Addition of salts preserves foods because they

Answer 72

increase osmotic pressure

Question 73

Chemoautotrophs and photoautotrophs derive their carbon from

Answer 73

carbon dioxide

Question 74

Some microorganisms use gaseous nitrogen directly from the atmosphere in a process called

Answer 74

nitrogen fixation

Question 75

An organism that uses oxygen when present but can grow without oxygen is called a(n)

Answer 75

facultative anaerobe

Question 76

Which organism is killed by atmospheric oxygen?

Answer 76

obligate anaerobe

Question 77

One of the following enzymes found in some bacteria which can break down toxic hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen is

Answer 77

catalase

Question 78

Generation time can best be defined as

Answer 78

the time it takes for a cell to divide.

Question 78

Bacterial growth is usually graphed using ________ axis scales.

Answer 78

logarithmic