Test 2-chpts 2/3

Question 1

Did Kohlberg support nature or nurture?

Answer 1

Nature

Psych

Question 2

What is level 1 of Kohlberg’s stages of moral development?

Answer 2

Pre-conventional morality (Focus on the self)

Question 3

What are the stages of level one of Kohlberg’s theory?

Answer 3

Stages 1: punishment and obedience orientation
-Rules are fixed and absolute

Stage 2: personal usefulness or reward orientation
-Good determines by if one’s own interests are met

Question 4

What is level 2 of Kohlberg’s stages of moral development?

Answer 4

Conventional morality (focus on group norms/rules)

Question 5

What are the stages of level two of Kohlberg’s theory?

Answer 5

Stage 3: social conformity or pleasing others orientation
-Good is what gains the approval of others

Stage 4: law and order orientation
-The rules/laws of wider society are necessary for social order

Question 6

What is level 3 of Kohlberg’s stages of moral development?

Answer 6

Post conventional morality (focus on what is right for everyone)

Question 7

What are the stages of level three of Kohlberg’s theory?

Answer 7

Stage 5: social contract or civil disobedience
-Awareness that laws of society may occasionally be unjust and require change

Stage 6: principled conscience
-Developed own set of morals which apply to EVERYONE; based on equality and worth and considered universal despite the laws

Question 8

What is conditioning?

Answer 8

Acquiring patterns of behaviour in the presence of an environmental stimulus

Question 9

What are the two principles of operant conditioning?

Answer 9

Reward: encourages behaviour
Positive reinforcement=add (+) good thing
Negative reinforcement=remove (-) bad thing

Punishment: discourages behaviour
Positive punishment=adding (+) bad thing
Negative punishment=remove (-) good thing

Question 10

Did Skinner support nature or nurture? What was his theory?

Answer 10

Nurture

Psych

He is known for the operating conditioning theory

Question 11

Classical conditioning

Answer 11

Pavlov is known for this theory (dog experiment)

An unrelated stimulus paired with another stimulus causes a reaction or learning

Question 12

Did Pavlov support nature or nurture?

Answer 12

Nurture

Psych

Question 13

What is an anthropologists view on language?

Answer 13

Humans are the only species to possess the necessary physical mechanisms to speak language

Question 14

What is an psychologists view on language?

Answer 14

Language is the most important cognitive process that humans possess.

Question 15

What is an sociologists view on language?

Answer 15

Language is the most important aspect of the socialization process

Question 16

What is Socialization?

Answer 16

A continuing process whereby an individual acquires a personal identity’s and learns the norms, values, behaviour, and social skills appropriate to their social position

Question 17

What shapes human behaviour according to anthropologists?

Answer 17

Both genetics and the environment

Question 18

What are behavioural adjustments?

Answer 18

Cultural responses to environmental stresses such as climate

Question 19

What are acclimation adjustments?

Answer 19

Reversible physiological changes to environmental stress
OR
The ability to adapt to severe environmental situations

Question 20

What is the difference between behavioural and acclimation adjustments?

Answer 20

Behavioural adjustments are cultural responses to change (nurture) whereas acclimation adjustments are genetic responses to change (nature)

Question 21

What shapes human behaviour according to psychologists?

Answer 21

Nature vs nurture so it includes both genetics and environment

Question 22

Do environmental factors effect development while in the womb?

Answer 22

Yes

Question 23

What does the debate of nature vs nurture try to determine?

Answer 23

How and to what degree each factor produces an individual

Question 24

What was Jean Piaget’s theory about?

Answer 24

The stages of cognitive development with a greater emphasis of the nature factor

Question 25

Did Piaget support nature or nurture?

Answer 25

Nature Psych

Question 26

What is metacognition?

Answer 26

An awareness of one’s ability to reason and process information

Question 27

What shapes human behaviour according to sociologists?

Answer 27

The impact of society on human development Focus on two major environmental influences: The structure of society (way it operates/holds together) The groups within society (agents/institutions)

Question 28

What is the functionalist perspective?

Answer 28

Society is stable because it serves the needs of its citizens Society serves to benefit the whole Change has a direct impact on all parts of society to maintain balance Also called structural functionalist theory-Durkheim

Question 29

What is the conflict perspective?

Answer 29

Society is in constant competition amount interest groups Order is maintained by constraint not consensus Karl Marx saw conflict within economic classes Lewis Coser saw conflict as helping to unite society

Question 30

Did Marx support nature or nurture?

Answer 30

Nurture Soc

Question 31

What is conflict theory?

Answer 31

Creating awareness of injustice and make society better Constant battle between those with power and those who want power; causes conflict

Question 32

Symbolic interactionist perspective

Answer 32

Human behaviour reflects the meaning people give to a situation rather than the facts We interpret the actions around us to respond accordingly George Herbert Mead and Charles Horton Cooley developed this theory

Question 33

Did Durkheim support nature or nurture?

Answer 33

???

Question 34

Did Cooley support nature or nurture?

Answer 34

Nurture Soc

Question 35

Did George Herbert Mead support nature or nurture?

Answer 35

Nurture Soc

Question 36

Agents of socialization

Answer 36

Family: can produce role models (good/bad) and social development of children begins here Peers: become more important as children grow older Schools: children are taught to interact, cooperate, work, comprehend Religion: has declined as an agent. Provides unity and promotes values/ethics

Question 37

What are the three functions of language?

Answer 37

Identification- language is a sign of cultural background (ex. accents) Integration- provides sense of identity with others; easier to exchange ideas=more social unity Socialization- method people learn content of their culture; allows for second hand experience

Question 38

Principles of nonverbal communication

Answer 38

Multichanneled Conveys emotions Ambiguous- less clear than spoken word May contradict verbal messages Culture bound

Question 39

Channels of nonverbal communication

Answer 39

Personal space Facial expression Eye contact Body language Touch Paralanguage

Question 40

Erik Erikson’s theory

Answer 40

Eight stages of psychological development He sees development as a series of conflict resolution stages

Question 41

Did Erikson support nature or nurture?

Answer 41

Nurture Psych

Question 41

Did Chomsky support nature or nurture?

Answer 41

Nature Psych

Question 43

Chomsky’s theory

Answer 43

Innate acquisition theory: children are born with the ability to learn language

Question 44

Did Weber support nature or nurture?

Answer 44

Nature Soc Disagreed with Marx; believed human values affected how humans act

Question 45

What was Gilligan’s theory?

Answer 45

She developed three stages of moral development similar to Kohlberg’s but for women. She criticized his theory because he only used male subjects and believed females put more emphasis on empathy/compassion towards others 1. Focus on survival 2. Focus on goodness and self sacrifice 3. Morality of non-violence

Question 46

Did Gilligan support nature or nurture?

Answer 46

Nature Psych