Test 2 Concepts Flashcards
(12 cards)
3 biological theories/factors related to the development of anxiety disorder
Genetics
Neurotransmitters
Neuroanatomy
How fear develops
Vicarious learning: learning that takes place by observing others
Classical/operant conditioning: a neutral stimulus (conditioned stimulus)becomes paired with an inherently negative stimulus (frightening event, the uncoordinated stimulus)
The individual later learns to lessen this anxiety by avoiding the CS? A behaviour that is negatively reinforced through operant conditioning.
Parenting/parenting styles: parents who are anxious tend to interact with their children in ways that are less warm and positive, more critical and catastrophic, and less granting of autonomy when compared to non-anxious parents.
Projection tests
A type of psychological test that reveals information the person being tested cannot or will not report directly, used to help clinicians form hypotheses about an individual’s personality.
Subtypes of phobia
Animal type: the phobia object is an animal or insect
Natural environment type: the phobic object is part of the natural environment (water, thunderstorms…)
Blood injection injury type: the person fears seeing blood or an injury, or fears an injection of other types of invasive medical procedures.
Situational type: the person fears specific situations, such as public transportation, enclosed scales, etc.
Other type: used for all other phobias not covered in the other categories, such as extreme fears of choking, vomiting clowns// also includes illness phobia, which involves an intense fear of developing a disease that the can currently does not have.
Difference between fear and panic
Fear is an emotional response to a real or perceived threat. Panic is an extreme fear reaction that is triggered even though there is nothing to be afraid of (essentially a false alarm).
3 subtypes of OCD
Contamination and washing or cleaning
Checking
Ordering/symmetry
Management of anxiety disorders
Medication: Benzodiazepine Tricyclic Antidepressants Seductive serotonin reuptake inhibitors Azapirones Venlafaxine hydrochloride CBT: Cognitive behavioural therapy. A form of psychotherapy that attempts to change maladaptive thoughts and behaviours.
The 5 major criteria of PTSD
Exposure to an actual or threatened death. Serious injury or sexuak violebce in one (or more) ways.
Presence of one (or more) intrusion symptoms associated with the traumatic events and beginning after the traumatic events occured.
Persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with the traumatic event(s), beginning after the traumatic event occured.
Negative alterations in cognitive and mood associated with the traumatic event(s)
Marked alterations in arousal and reactivity associated with traumatic event(s)
Diagnostic features for panic attack/disorder
Palpitations, pounding heart, or acularated heart rate Sweating Trembling or shortness of breath or smothering Feelings of choking Chest pain or discomfort Nausea or abnormal distress Feeling dizzy, unsteadily, lightheaded, or faint Chills or heat sensation Parenthesis Derealization or depersonalization Fear of losing control or “going crazy” Fear of dying
Diagnostic features of social phobia
Marked fear or anxiety about one or more social situations in which the individual is exposed to possible scrutiny by others. Examples include social interactions, being observed, and performing in front of others.
The individual fears that they will act in a way or show anxiety symptoms that will be negatively evaluated
The social situations almost always provoke fear or anxiety
The social situations are avoided or endured with intense fear or anxiety
The fear or anxiety is out of proportion to the actual threat by the social situation and the socialiculturak contest
The fear, anxiety, or avoidance is persistent, typically lasting for 6 months or more
The fear, anxiety, or avoidance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, and other important areas of functioning
The fear, anxiety, or avoidance is not better explained by the symptoms of another mental disorder, such as panic disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, or autism spectrum disorder
If another medical condition is present, the fear, anxiety, or avoidance us clearly unrelated or is excessive
Diagnostic features of OCD
Presence of obsessions, compulsions, or both
The obsessions are compulsions of time-consuming or cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning
The obsessive-compulsions symptoms are not attributable to the psychological effects of a substance or another medical condition
The disturbance is not better explained by the symptoms of another mental disorder
Diagnostic features of GAO
Excessive anxiety and worry occuring more days than not for at least 6 months, about a number of events or activities
The person finds it difficult to control the worry
The anxiety and worry are associated with 3 or more of the following 6 symptoms:
1. Restlessness or feeling on edge
2. Being easily fatigued
3. Difficult concentrating or mind going blank
4. Irritability
5. Muscle tension
6. Sleep disturbance
The anxiety, worry, or physical symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning
The disturbance is not attributable to the psychological effects of a substance or another medical condition
The disturbance is not better explained by another mental disorder
Excessive anxiety and worry occuring more days than not for at least 6 months, about a number of events or activities
The person finds it difficult to control the worry
The anxiety and worry are associated with 3 or more of the following 6 symptoms:
1. Restlessness or feeling on edge
2. Being easily fatigued
3. Difficult concentrating or mind going blank
4. Irritability
5. Muscle tension
6. Sleep disturbance
The anxiety, worry, or physical symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning
The disturbance is not attributable to the psychological effects of a substance or another medical condition
The disturbance is not better explained by another mental disorder
