Test 2 including video questions Flashcards
(120 cards)
1
Q
Who was the first Roman Emperor?
A
Caesar Augustus
2
Q
What was the higher mission of Rome?
A
Spreading influence (taking roman culture and politics to others)
3
Q
Germans got what from the alliance?
A
Wanted Roman help against others in conflict
4
Q
Romans got what from the alliance?
A
Wanted to spread their territorial control and civilizing mission further north
5
Q
What benefits do Arminius and his people obtain from the Romans?
A
Crave protection from conflict, economically access to roman products that show status, a life on a larger community and urbanization
6
Q
How did the Romans under Varus view the German population? How did the Germans view the Romans?
A
Romans saw the Germans peaceful and friendly, strong allie and lasting peace, Germans viewed Romans as unhappy because they had Romans settling disputes and had little say in this, resentment is building, law settled disputes instead of arms
7
Q
How did Arminius view the Roman army?
A
Tired of them, paying Roman taxes and treated like slaves, has fought against them and knows their power, learned how they fought and weaknesses, knows they underestimate the Germanians, tells Varus what he wants to hear, knew they were overconfident
8
Q
Why did the Germans select the Teutoborg Forest?
A
To construct a wall and fences for camouflage and protection
9
Q
Why did the Romans ignore warnings?
A
It was their seasonal move and the general feared nothing because Arminius gave him a sense of security, Women, children, and sevants followed. They were un armored as eveything was on pack horses, chatting and weren’t thinking
10
Q
What hindered the Roman movement?
A
Untraveled soil, lots of provisions with them, Segstes warns them but is laughed at, travled narrow track of sand bars, had to march differently, children and wives, small streams coming down into a swamp, some of the worse terrane, one side swamp and the other hills
11
Q
Describe the fighting that takes place.
A
Ambush, Romans have no way out, no weapons on Romans, because the people stretched 2 miles long and not wide at all, Varus in the middle has no idea what is happening, first of line gets it and little communication on path, overall very vulnerable, once Varus learns it is a chain of events, watching friends die and more Germans soldiers come
12
Q
How was the “eagle” of the legions described?
A
Indignity worse than death, Religious symbol, literal religious spirit and power that made them victorious and kept them safe, to fall or taken was like your spirit being ripped out
13
Q
What did Varus do when he loses?
A
Suicide even though it was disgraceful
14
Q
How did the Germans deal with Romans after the battle? Be specific.
A
Tormented their captives, by slaughter, cut out eyes, cut off hands, sewed up mouth after cutting out tongue
15
Q
How many Roman legions were lost?
A
3 in north
16
Q
What did Augustus do to Germans in Rome?
A
8 legions and auxiliary armies to reinforce the Rine frontier, Roman guards stationed throughout city, expels them, got rid of Germanic
17
Q
How were German women described?
A
As strong, worth while, would kill their husbands in retreating battle, allied with the best men, wanted the best
18
Q
How did the Germans treat the battlefield where they defeated the Romans?
A
Becomes a holy place, untouched to the victory or the Romans and please the German Gods that made it possible, rituals with swords
19
Q
What was the Roman motivation for going back to the Germania?
A
Their lost honor and disgrace, self-esteem, passion for humanity, emporer and emprie disgrace that could not go unchallenged
20
Q
Who was the successor to Augustus?
A
Tiberius
21
Q
What is the principal weapon of the barbarians?
A
fear
22
Q
Where do scholars think the Huns originate?
A
From the East from the Steppes
23
Q
Describe how the Huns fight.
A
Seeing your world ripped to shreds, ride up and impale with arrows, chaos and terror
24
Q
Why will we never know where the Huns really come from?
A
Because they left no written records, and archeology don’t distinguish people
25
What are “hostages” in the ancient world?
They weren’t free to come and go but were treated as royal family
26
What talent do the Huns possess?
Warfare
27
How important are horses for the Huns?
Uses horse glue for a reflex bow, migration essential, ultimate calvary of their time, seen as they lived on their horses, were able to stand back and kill while moving quickly, gave military advantage, economic: milk, meat
28
Who is Aetius?
Roman hostage, destined to become the Huns’ next King, ruthlessness, always having people impaled
29
Describe Attilla.
Veracious warrior, had blood soaked reputation, Hun, kills to become leader
30
What does Atilla want for the Huns?
power
31
How does the lifestyle of the Huns change after Rome gives them land?
Increasingly sedeitary and not using horses
32
What is the biggest mistake people make about barbarians?
To think they are unsophisticated and undeveloped because this is false
33
What was the most destructive force in Rome?
Greece
34
Who seized Caesar and held to him for ransom? Does he fear these people?
Pirates, no not really, he has risen above it
35
Where does Caesar military reputation begin?
Hispania, he showed he had as much courage and guts as soldiers
36
How was Caesar described as a politician? Who does not support Caesar?
Natural politician, was well liked, great public speaker and writer, speeches, Conservative Aristocats dislike him
37
Why does Caesar need the province of Gaul?
Profitable, needed money badly because in such debt, had to run away from creditors
38
Which two men join Caesar in the 1st Triumvirate? Why does he need them?
Crasus (richest man in Rome) and Pompei, work with him to win election and control the Senate, Caesar had the glow while the others had money and military
39
When Caesar was fighting the German tribes, why does the Senate not support him?
He may take Pompei’s spot and Pompei had supported the status quo
40
How are Pompey and Caesar linked together now? Does Pompey support Caesar?
His daughter, Julia, married Pompey. He was so in love, he spent all his time with her, that he didn’t pay any attention to politics. Marcus Brudus (jc’s distant relative) is given a lucrative post to rise in political post just like JC. Pompey is protecting JC’s interests in Rome while he is away fighting.
41
Was Caesar a “liberator” of Gaul? Why or Why not?
In his view yes, leaders got benefits, yet the people didn’t like being ruled by outsiders
42
How does Caesar win the people of Rome to his side? (Dispatches)
Action packed dispatches, self-promotion and newscast (dramaticized stories/adventure story)
43
How do the Rome elite (Brutus and others) view Caesar?
Greed and overreaching ambition, army and wealth, lots of money being spent, the bigger Caesar is getting the less powerful arocacicy and this is scary, something may upset the status quo that protects them (the rich)
44
What happens to Caesars protectors in Rome? Crassus
With bribes he is able to hold of Caesar’s enemies and gains another consulship and his first military command in almost 20 years. As he goes to invade he dies in an abush.
45
What happens to Caesars protectors in Rome? Pompey
His wife Julia dies in childbirth, Pompey is devastated, and the child dies, destroyed alliance with Caesar because of emotions, now enemies, violence became the norm
46
Who was Vercengetorix? What was his plan to destroy the Roman army?
A Gaulic leader rallies the Gaul’s to go against the Romans. Radically, burn all supplies, barns and food supplies, then hunker down in the hills and starve out the Romans
47
What final act does Pompey take to separate himself from Caesar?
He is now soul Consul and army at disposal. (Pompey) Pompey turns down an offer to marry into Caesar’s family again, instead he weds a young women Cornelia, the daughter of a Senator. Gets Senate (father-in-law) to be co-consul
48
What was the purpose of Caesar’s double encirclement of Alesia?
He built two forts inside for Alesia and outside to stop relief army
49
What was the result of Caesar’s victory at Alesia? (Long term)
Rome moves up into northern Europe
50
If Caesar disbands his army what will occur?
He would be murdered by rivals (life on the line)
51
What event will occur if Caesar crosses the Rubicon with his army?
A show down (boundary between provinces and Rome) knew civil war was about to occur, but it would be disgraceful to flee
52
What type of reception did Caesar receive by the general population in Italy? How do Pompey and the Senate respond?
Treated him as a returning God and soldiers flocked to Caesar’s army. No opposition. Those who feared him fled to Rome. Pompey and the Senate travel to Greece, support is deep and strong and buys time
53
What was the final outcome of the battle between Caesar and Pompey’s forces? Pompey’s final fate?
Pompey’s army is destroyed though Pompey escapes, Caesar chases him to Egypt, but Pompey is murdered and beheaded by Egyptians. Head sent to Caesar, grieving? (unknown historically)
54
What office does Caesar proclaim he has for life?
Dictator, king everything but the name
55
How does Brutus perceive his role in the conspiracy?
He leads it
56
What does the death of Caesar do for Rome long term?
Spawns empire because anarchy is gone
57
How many times a day does a Muslim pray?
5
58
What was Islam founded upon?
faith
59
What are some aspects that Islam contributes to world history?
Reclaimed wisdom of greeks, sowed seeds of rennissance, healed the sick, numerals for counting
60
Describe Mohammad’s early life. (When he was born, area he lives in)
Born in 570 a.d., arrabian pennisula
In the dessert as a child
Age 6 both parents dead
61
Why was being an orphan influential on him?
He was an outsider and that gave him a singular perspective in his uncle’s tribe, and early on he gained a passionate concern for those left out of society, he was adaptable because he switched homes often (he was a child of everyone)
62
Why was oral culture important to the Bedouins?
Linked tribes to ancestor and values, victories and defeats voiced
63
Why was water so important?
Was in wilderness and was exposed to the elements, rivalry for survival, difference between life and death
64
How are the clans different from one another?
Each had their own Gods and totauems stored in the mecca(cube)
65
What was the Kaaba? Who built the Kaaba?
Sancutary clustered around deities, Abraham
66
Describe Mecca.
Has the Kabba, which Abraham built
Trading and economic importance: spices, Egyptian linens
Mixture of cultures (important)
Mixed religion
Vital place for trade
67
Why is trade important for the Bedouin people?
How they connect all the cities and Trade routes allowed for spread for Islam
68
How does Mohammad get married?
As he was caravan his talents caught the eye of the shipments owner a wealthy widowed named Khadijah, she proposed marriage, AGED 25
69
What was the defining moment in Mohammad’s life?
In a cave above Mecca he was visited by an angel as a man and instructed him to recite the name of God the Almighty, an encounter profound and deeply disturbing, voice coming out as he recited, there is only one GOD!!!
70
What does Muslim mean?
For those who surrender to God
71
What is the Quron (Koran)?
Oral but then written down, revelation of spiritual teaching of both ethical and social guidance it was revealed and remains in Arabic
72
Why are pictures not favored in the Quron?
Words alone allows a vision and imagery enough, the Quron was God’s representation on Earth and Muslims that the God’s representation was the Quron itself and not any picture
73
How is Mohammad portrayed in Islamic drawings?
In non-religious images as honor with a bright blue background or a white cloud near him but otherwise is not distinguished from the other characters in the story, others painted a white cloth on his face (different approaches), Not to be worshipped, learn about history and the historical figure
74
What is the miracle in Islam?
This is the miracle, this Quron but not enough, Hard to believe Life after death, eternal deamination for the unjust (the fire)
75
Why is Mohammad a threat to some?
To the non-believers the divine reckoning dismantled their heritage and customs were deeply unsettling, unsettled social order, old traditions, and economic threat of the pilgrimage shrine in Mecca
76
Why is the year 622 significant to the Muslims?
Muslim year 1 and beginning of their own tribe in Yathrib
77
Who are people of the book?
Christianity, Islam, Judaism
78
What revelation does Mohammad receive in Medina?
Instructing those in prayer to face in the direction of the Kaaba in Mecca
79
How did Mohammad’s troops overcome such long odds to win?
Passionate belief in their faiths, God’s will was guiding them, as he won more the desert people joined as they saw God’s hand in this
80
When Mohammad returns to Mecca, what do the people expect him to do to them?
They braced for onslaught, men killed and women and children sold into slavery, little pity for the losers
81
What does Mohammad destroy in Mecca?
Tribal Gods destroyed into dust the idols in the shrine
82
How could Mohammad’s action at the Kaaba be compared to events in Christianity?
Moses breaking of the tablets when he saw the idolatry at Mount Sinai and Jesus’ casting the money sellers out of the temple
83
Explain how large an area Islam covers in a short period of time (50 years).
North (Lebanon and Syria), West (Egypt, North Africa, coastline of Mediterrian, Spain to China
Became larger than Rome, Morrocco in the West to the Indus River in the East
84
What stops the expansion of Islam?
the seas
85
Why was Islam so successful in spreading?
People were fed up with previous regimes, conquered people kept their own administrative structure and kept religion
86
How did Muslims and Christians interact in Damascus?
Muslims had Friday prayer in the Church of St. John the Baptist while Christians worshipped on Sundays, shared in peace
The Muslims grew and bought the old church from the Christians and built a huge mosque on the site, golden mosaics, became model for new mosques
87
What did Muslims do in Jerusalem?
Dome of the Rock, goes back to Abraham, rock is the one from where he nearly sacrificed his son, built to rival the nearby Church of the Holy Sepulchre where Jesus was said to have been bedded, sparkles for everyone to see
88
What did Mohammad’s death do to the community of Islam?
632 A.D., Medina fell into despair for days and in ceremony, didn’t want his grave worshipped, the Prophet had left perhaps God would too, question of succession, a new leader?
89
What was the strength of Islam?
The unifying power of one God merciful and compassionate the power of one people bound by a common faith
90
What is the city of wealth?
Baghdad
91
What makes this city the jewel of the world?
Scholars, center of learning
92
What is the House of Wisdom and who goes there?
Center of scholarship, worked, public libraries, all these threads of human knowledge came here from different cultural traditions being thrown together
93
Why do Muslims embrace scholars like Aristotle?
Saw no contradiction between their faith and the laws governing the natural laws
94
Where does the Renaissance start?
Baghdad
95
What is the most important contribution form the House of Wisdom?
Science process was born because they challenged text
96
What are some of the “sciences” created there?
Algebra, trigonometry, engineering, and astronomy
97
How is the hospital created?
The though that disease was transmitted through tiny airborne organisms, germs, quarantined patients and then treated
98
How are cataracts removed? When does this start in the Western world?
Surgically with a hollow needle, 1000 years
99
What is the significance of paper and where does paper come from for the Muslims?
Knowledge had to be copied and shared, beuacracy, books, Central Asia(first encounter) learned to make from Arabs
100
Where does Islamic culture start to influence European society?
Southern Spain, Cordoba
101
Describe the City of Light.—Be specific
Street lights, paved roads, libraries, hospitals and palaces, Muslim city, flowers everywhere, running water, big houses
102
How does the City of Light shock Europeans?
Most of Europe at the time lived in poverty, but the City was a pageant of prosperity and enlightment
103
How can this City be compared to European society?
At one time they too had lived in poverty and at the time Europe was in the midst of the dark ages
104
Prior to the destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher, how are Christian churches treated by the Muslims?
Respected and protected
105
Who is Pope Urban II? What does he want from European lords?
Traveled through France imploring his laws to unite in a campaign of bloodshed, wanted to exterminate the vile race, Jerusalem needed to be liberated
106
In 1097, the Crusaders appears in the Holy Land. Why is this a good time for the European crusaders?
Arab empire was at its most vulnerable, feuding kingdoms and petty dynasties (fragmented state)
107
What happens when the Crusaders reach Jerusalem?
Didn’t realize they were after them and then Horror, few are darker than July 15, 1099 when the crusaders entered, massacre, fear, fleeing of population, exaltation, Christians killed too, shocked
108
How do the Crusaders maintain control of the area?
20,000 in control, built castles (finest), remain even today, constant awareness, made treaties and broke them, harassed the traders who passed by their castles, raided caravans
109
Compare Europe to the Holy Land with regard to wealth.
Took much back, provided souvenirs for crusaders to take back
110
When describing the “empire of the Muslims” how is faith involved in maintaining the empire:
launched an empire
111
When describing the “empire of the Muslims” how is culture involved in maintaining the empire:
enlightening it
112
When describing the “empire of the Muslims” how is trade involved in maintaining the empire:
united it
113
What is the main commodity of Muslim trade?
Innovation, a suck, a check that could be written in Spain and cashed in India, honor, trust and faith, textiles from the loom, cashmere, silk
114
Who is Saladin?
Successful where other people like him were not, intelligence, physical strength, unusually inspirer to his military followers, crusaders were decimated
115
What does the victory at Hattin mean to Saladin?
Real turning point, meant he could proceed to get Jerusalem later
116
After Saladin recaptures Jerusalem, how does he treat the Christians? (Be specific)
No retaliation to them or their holy places, in the church of the holy sepulchre mass was continued as usual, Decreed that Christians who wish to could leave the city with their property could but those who chose to stay would be allowed to worship freely
117
How does contact with Muslim culture change the Europeans? (Be specific)
Merchandise (brought home because of quality), had a taste now for highly spiced food, imported pepper and cinnamon, because of cuisine exposed to, soap, open to the ideas what was going on the world, learn languages and intellect
118
Does Islam influence Europe prior to the Renaissance?
Yes by Arabic is learned, Islamic ideas filtered into Europe, Aquines (italian) used Aravos, Muslim ideals in separation of reason and religion
119
Who ends the Golden Age of Islam?
Mongol catastrophe (turko mongolian nomads from the steps of central asia)
120
What is the significance of the black stone?
Had fellen from the sky during building
