Test #2-Key General Terms

Question 1

Containment

Answer 1

The United States and its allies would aim to stop the spread of communism with a focus on containing the USSR within its borders and preventing its expansion beyond its areas of domination. (1947 status quo) Was inspired by the fear of a “domino effect” leading to the spread of communism and Soviet Influence worldwide.

Question 2

Truman Doctrine

Answer 2

The United States would provide political, military and economic assistance to all countries under threat from communist insurgencies. The established the norm of intervention abroad in American foreign policy, this doctrine was directly related to the ‘containment” policy.

Question 3

Domino Theory

Answer 3

An Eisenhower Cold War policy that suggested a communist government in one nations would quickly lead to communist takeovers in neighboring states, each falling like a row of dominos.

Question 4

Doolittle Report 1954

Answer 4

A comprehensive study on the C.I.A that recommended tactics that were not of democratic countries. Helped to shape the modern C.I.A

“There are no rules in such a game, hitherto acceptable norms of human conduct do not apply”
“We must develop effective espionage and counterespionage services and must learn to subvert, sabotage and destroy our enemies by more clever, more sophisticated means than those use against us”

Question 5

Cheka

Answer 5

The first in a long succession of Soviet secret police agencies, established the security service as a major player in Soviet Politics. Its goal was to investigate counterrevolution and sabotage but quickly turned into a police force. It was dissolved in 1922 after the end of the Russian Civil war but was quickly replaced by the GPU.

Question 6

Covert Action

Answer 6

Covert Action represents means rather than ends, meant to provide secret influence. This is the “Third Option”, plausible deniability.

“an activity or activities of the United States Government to influence political, economic, or military conditions abroad, where it is intended that the role of the United States Government will not be apparent or acknowledged publicly.”

Question 7

Active Measures

Answer 7

A term coined by the KGB in the 1950’s describe covert and deniable political influence and subversion operations including front organizations, backing movements and the spread of disinformation.

“Overdependence and focus on “active measures” (covert action) abroad.”

Question 8

Types of Covert Action

Answer 8

Propaganda
Political Activity
Economic Activity
Sabotage
Coups
Paramilitary Operations

Question 9

Presidential Finding

Answer 9

Determines that covert action is necessary and important to U.S national security. Current findings stem from the Hughes-Ryan Amendment of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1974.

Question 10

Memo of Notification (MON)

Answer 10

Submission of finding to those responsible for carrying out the operation along with members of the House and Senate Intelligence Committee.

(purely advisory-Congress cannot approve or disapprove unless specific laws or executive orders ban them)

Question 11

Counterintelligence

Answer 11

“The Wilderness of Mirrors”

CI consists of all the measures a nation takes to protect its citizens, secrets, and technology from foreign spies,
1. Collection 2. Defensive, 3. Offensive

Question 12

Types of Internal Safeguards

Answer 12

Citizenship(Must be a citizen of the United States)
Drug Use(IC is a drug free workplace)
Personal Integrity and Conduct
Mental and Physical Fitness
Polygraph Tests(
Changes in personal behavior and lifestyle, martial problems, alcohol, personal spending, drugs, large debts.)

Question 13

External Indicators

Answer 13

Defensive:
Loss of an overseas spy network
Change in military exercise patterns
Information through counterespionage
Failed Operations
Sudden shift or cessation of communications

Offensive:(Successful Counterespionage)
An opponent’ Humint Capabilities
Identity of clandestine officers
Opponent’s areas of interest/shortfall
Possible penetration of one’s own service
Possible Intelligence alliances

Question 14

Difficulties in Counter Intelligence (CI)

Answer 14

Trust: Familiarity and
Lowering one’s guard

Excessive Unwarranted suspicion: can hinder counterespionage and ruin careers

CIA-FBI Friction- A discovered spy can be a counterespionage opportunity, CIA exploit it, FBI spying is a prelude to prosecution

Question 15

James Angleton

Answer 15

James served as chief of the counterintelligence department of the CIA from 1954 to 1975. Seen as the dominant CI figure in non-communist world. He worked with Anatoliy Golitsyn and Yuri Nosenko. Worked closely with Kim Philby before his defection which led to his lack of trust.

Question 16

“Graymail”

Answer 16

Accused Spies could threaten to reveal classified information in open court as a means of avoiding prosecution. The Classified Information Procedures Act of 1980 allowed judges to review classified material in secret eliminating the fear of publicly disclosing sensitive intelligence.

Question 17

National Security Letters

Answer 17

Administrative subpoena not requiring a judicial order. Recipients must turn over records and data pertaining to individuals with a gag order(may not reveal its contents or even the fact of its existence)
These are not subject to judicial review causing civil liberties concerns. These letters have been greatly expanded since 2001 gaining charges of improper use.

Question 18

Walk In

Answer 18

A defector who declares his or her intentions by walking into an official installation and asking for political asylum or volunteering to work in place

Question 19

Dangle

Answer 19

A person sent by the intelligence agency of his or her own country who approaches an intelligence agency in the hope of being recruited as a spy so as to allow a double agent operation for the purpose of intelligence collection or disinformation.

Question 20

Exfiltrations

Answer 20

Refers to the removal of a person or asset from a hostile environment. The target must be a high-value individual for an exfiltration as it is a very dangerous practice.

Question 21

“Year of the Spy”

Answer 21

In 1985, there were multiple foreign spies discovered to have been operating on American soil. Most of these spies were spying for communist nations, the arrests heighted tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union. John Walker, Edward Lee Howard, Jonathan Pollard, Larry Wu-Tai Chin, Ronald Pelton.

Question 22

Waldorf Conference

Answer 22

March 25, 1949
Cultural and Scientific Conference for World Peace- Organized and Supported by artists and intellectuals sympathetic to communist ideals. The “outed” participants were subject of FBI interest.

Question 23

The Congress for Cultural Freedom

Answer 23

Lasting from 1950-1967 the congress was inaugurated in West Berlin on June 26, 1950. It was secretly organized and funded by the CIA. A USA vs. USSR: “War to control the Left” It was intended to pull the Western Left away from the Communist Left. Many Members were former communists disillusioned by the Soviet Union. Michael Josselson oversaw the entire program

Question 24

Michael Josselson

Answer 24

The man that oversaw “The Congress for Cultural Freedom.” Josselson was a C.I.A agent who led the ideological struggle in Europe against Marxist ideas.

Question 25

KGB

Answer 25

The "Committee for State Security," founded in 1954 and lasting until the fall of the Soviet Union. Their primary allegiance to the Communist party of the USSR. Major priorities were domestic security and counterintelligence, not foreign. Place an overdependence on cover action abroad. Poor record in analysis and accurate intelligence. Little to no processing of the raw data. Their ideological rigidity often got in their way. Afghanistan can be seen as one of their biggest failures.

Question 26

First Chief Directorate

Answer 26

In charge of their Foreign Operations. (Special Activities and Intelligence Gathering Activities)

Question 27

Seventh Directorate

Answer 27

Conducted the Surveillance of Foreigners and suspect citizens.

Question 28

Civil Society Interference (how?)

Answer 28

Trough the use of Covert Action and Active Measures. These could include backing political parties, establishing Front Organizations, communications media, social groups, and supporting Proxy Armies.

Question 29

The Moscow Rules

Answer 29

Intelligence in a "Denied Area", these rules were to be followed by any agent in the USSR. Their communication was mostly indirect with dead drips and messages and they were being watched by the KBG Seventh Directorate. Some examples were: 1. Assume nothing 2. Never go against your gut 3. Everyone is potentially under opposition control 10. Keep your options open 5. Go with the flow, blend in 7. Lull them into a sense of Complacency

Question 30

Richard Helms

Answer 30

Helms was the director of the C.I.A from 1966 to 1973. Helms became a key witness before the Senate investigation of the CIA by the Church Committee. Helms oversaw MK-Ultra, "The Manhattan Project of the Mind"

Question 31

Alan Dulles

Answer 31

Dulles i the longest serving director of the C.I.A as well as the first civilian director. He oversaw many different C.I.A coups and projects. Dulles spoke of "Brain Warfare" in 1953, which led to many mind control projects such as MK Ultra.

Question 32

Sydney Gottlieb

Answer 32

The chief Scientist of the MK Ultra Project.

Question 33

Frank Olson

Answer 33

Olson was an Army Biochemist who was covertly dosed with LSD by Sidney Gottlieb at a retreat cabin in Maryland. On November 28, 1953 Olsen plunges to his death from the window of the Hotel Statler in NYC under suspicious circumstances 10 days after the dosage.

Question 34

Encounter Magazine

Answer 34

Running from 1953 to 1990 Encounter was edited Irving Kristol and Stephen Spender. Based out of the UK it played a central position in postwar intellectual history. Holding offices in 35 countries it published over 20 prestige magazines, held art exhibitions, owned a new and feature service, organized internal conferences, and supported many musicians and artists. The C.I.A most likely invented Modern Art as we know it.

Question 35

Operation Mockingbird

Answer 35

A clandestine C.I.A operation to influence media outlets and public opinion both domestically and internationally. Counteracting communist propaganda and promote narratives favorable to U.S policy interest. Direct placements and publications by the CIA, editorial influence through close relationship with editors and media execs. Recruited willing journalists while suppressing unfavorable news.

Question 36

MK-NAOMI

Answer 36

A version of Psychochemical warfare, MK-Naomi was apart of the Special Operations Division in Fort Derick, Maryland. Technical Services Staff (TSS) which was the C.I.A researched biological weapons their. It produced Operation Sea Spray in San Francisco.

Question 37

MK-ULTRA

Answer 37

"The Manhattan Project of the Mind", Overseen by Richard Helms and Sydney Gottlieb MK-Ultra began in April 13th, 1953. Its budget would grow to be several million which it used to carry out 149 subprojects, such as truth serums, brainwashing and creating remote assassins. The Technical Services Staff were the small unit that ran the program. Used leading universities, hospitals and researchers sometimes without their knowledge. Subjects were drug addicts, homeless, mental patients and prison inmates, most were tested unwittingly. Secret dosing of LSD to see the impact on "normal Life"

Question 38

Project Stargate

Answer 38

In 1977 at Fort Meade Maryland DIA and SRI International. Stargate investigated military and intelligence uses of psychic phenomena. Remote viewing consisted of a variety of programs costing over 20 million. 23 remote viewers were tested with a success rate of 20%. The program was discontinued in 1995. Most well known was Joseph McMoneagle. The Netflix Show Stranger Things is based on project Stargate.

Question 39

Church Committee

Answer 39

Running from 1975 to 1977 it was a Special Select Committee to Investigate Intelligence Activities. More than 100 hearings, over 800 interviews while reveling more than 100,000 pages of documents. Released 14 volumes of hearings and reports recommending almost 100 reforms.

Question 40

Huston Plan

Answer 40

Overseen by J. Edgar Hoover who was the FBI director from 1935 to 1972. It proposed security operations for domestic intelligence against counterculture and anti-war movement left-wing radicals, including illegal electronic surveillance; most of the plan will rescinded before implemented.

Question 41

COINTELPRO

Answer 41

FBI covert and illegal projects aimed at surveilling, infiltrating, discrediting, and disrupting American political organizations (primarily those considered radical left-wing of the late 1960s/early 1970s)

Question 42

Operation Chaos

Answer 42

C.I.A domestic espionage program against anti-war movement.

Question 43

Operation Shamrock

Answer 43

The National Security Agency (NSA) monitored telegraph data into the US. The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) also conducted misuse of tax information for political purposes.

Question 44

Areas of Intelligence Oversight

Answer 44

These include budget, responsiveness to policy needs, quality of analysis, control of operations, and propriety of activities.

Question 45

Congressional Oversight

Answer 45

Congressional Oversight creates a paradox, secret oversight by the branch of government meant to be characterized by open debate. Article 1, Section 8, Paragraph 18. There is the House Intelligence Committee and the Senate Intelligence Committee. Their oversight includes the budget, hearings, nominations and treaties(senate), reporting requirements for the agencies, conducting investigations and reports, as well as requiring prior notice of covert action.

Question 46

Limits of Oversight

Answer 46

Fights about oversight are really fights about policy outcomes. These limits include micromanagement, distraction, public blame for failures all while neglecting the more important issues.

Question 47

Why Oversight Fails

Answer 47

Information Asymmetry- One side knows more than the other and each side has different interests. Electoral Incentives- Distracts from re-election efforts while providing no reward to constituencies Institutional Limited Tenure- Inhibits development of expertise Budgetary Power- Budget is secret Partisanhip- House more than Senate due to disproportional representation on the Intelligence Committee.