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Test 2 > Test 2-P11,P12,P13 > Flashcards

Test 2-P11,P12,P13 Flashcards

1
Q

Why is meiosis the gateway to genetic

A

Offspring resemble their parents more than they do unrelated individuals

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2
Q

Heredity

A

Heredity is the transmission of traits from one
generation to the next

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3
Q

Variation

A
  • Variation is difference in genes (genotype) and expression (phenotype) among individuals in a population
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4
Q

Genetics

A

Genetics is the scientific study of heredity and
variation

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5
Q

Gamete

A

Sexual reproduction combines cells (gametes)
from 2 parents through fertilization

(Sperm and egg)

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6
Q

Sexual reproduction in Meosis

A

Sexual reproduction combines cells (gametes)
from 2 parents through fertilization
* By mixing chromosomes from two individuals
genetic diversity is increased
* This process differs from mitosis in which one cell
produces two genetically identical daughter cells

The whole point of meiosis is for variation
-half of your DNA from from sperm and half DNA comes from Egg but all mitorcondrial DNA from Mom because back of the sperm near the tail Sperm is cut off when they combine(sometime not true and rare disease associate with it)

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7
Q

genes

A
  • Genes are the units of heredity and are made
    up of segments of DNA
  • Genes are passed to the next generation via
    reproductive cells called gametes (sperm and
    eggs)
  • Most DNA is packaged into chromosomes
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8
Q

Somatic cell

A

Humans have 46 chromosomes in the nuclei
of their somatic cells, all cells of the body
except gametes and their precursors

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9
Q

Locus

A

A gene’s specific position along a chromosome
is called its locus

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10
Q

Diploid, Hapliad, and reduction division

A

Most plants and animals have two sets of
chromosomes: one set from each parent
– That means they are diploid (2n)
* Reduction of chromosomes is necessary to avoid
doubling in every generation
* Reproductive structures that produce gametes or
spores have cells with a single set of chromosomes
(haploid cells (1n))
-just makes sex cells

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11
Q

Reduction division

A

1.Sperm and egg are haploaid-half of DNA-reduction divsion
2. Make 1 diploid cell which is you
3.

Meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes by ½ toproduce haploid (1n) cells
-to get to half a much DNA in eahc cell you have to go through 2 round meiosis 1 and 2

n meiosis, you want ½ the genetic material (start with 1
cell and X chromosomes/cell, end with 4 cells and ½ X
chromosomes/cell)

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12
Q
  • Meiosis generates variation
A
  • Through independent assortment of chromosomes
  • Through crossing over
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13
Q

What happens in meiosis 1

A

Meiosis is preceded by normal interphase (G1, S, G2)
* Chromosome replication in S phase makes identical sister chromatids
* Sister chromatids remain attached at the centromere

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14
Q

Structure of Chrosmone in Meiosis 1 in prophase/ Crossing over

A

Homologous chromosomes pair
and the synaptonemal complex
holds them close together in
synapsis
* Segments of chromosomes can
be exchanged through crossing
over
* Visible structures at cross over
points are called chiasmata
(plural, singular= chiasma)
* The four chromatids held
together by chiasmata(where they cross over) are called
a tetrad
- Chromosomes from mom and dad are on top of each other and physical connect by protein and they swap out parts of their chromosomes(go away with a new arm)(happen thre times per chromosome).After this your chromosomes is new with different genes in it-called recombant chromosomes

-can have mutiple Chiasma

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15
Q

Meiosis 1 Detailed

A

1 cells to 2 cells
Diploid to haploid
Starts with chrosmones and end up with half of those chromosomes

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16
Q

Meiosis 2 Detailed

A

2 cells to 4 cells
At the end you have half as many chromsomes then the 2 cells

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17
Q

Prometaphase and Anaphase meiosis 1

A

-Prometa(Homogeneous pair help by Chiasma and microtubes attach to fuse kinetochores of sister Chromatids)
-Anaphase (Homogoueus pairs pulled apart by microtubes attach to fuse kinetochores but of sister Chromatids held together by centromere
-Chromsome are different when go into Anaphase

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18
Q

Prometaphase and Anaphase meiosis 2

A

-Prometa(sister Chromatids held by centromere and microtubes attach to fuse
indivudual kinetochores )
-Anaphase Sister chromatids pulled apart by microtubes attach to fuse kinetochores

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19
Q

Tetrad Complex-Bivalent

A

Crossing over happen at the chiasma and the chromosomes exchange DNA and comes apart in anaphase one and are different then when they came in
Promphase 1-where all the crossing over happen
Metaphase 1-Chrosmones still on top of each other
Anaphase-Seperate and have 2 Chrmotid per chromsomes

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20
Q

Why Crossling over is important

A

Crossing over can unlink
linked genes, thus
increasing variation in a
population.
Typically genes that are
linked are physically close
to each other on a
chromosome

Some Gene associate with each other because they are on the same chromosomes (likely Brown hair and Brown eyes)

Crossing over switch up the package(Blue eyes and brown hair instead of ginger hair), it break gene linage

-Brown ahir and brown eye close to each other the chromosome because in order to break that linkage you dont needs as much realastate to make a break
-Strong gene linkage is an inducators of how close they are on the chromosome

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21
Q

What are the sources of variation that comes in meiosis

A

crossing over-Chrosome don’t look the same after crossing over(can get gamates that neither parent but is a combo)
independent assortment-right or left(8 million combinates) variation of gametes
random fertilization-which sperm with which egg(8 million sperm)

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22
Q

indepdent assortment

A

Meiosis also creates variation through independent assortment of gametes and happen in metaphase 1 and metaphase 2

Metapahse one:During metaphase, you can line up to see what wall of the cell you are facing

Metaphase two-During metaphase, you can line up to see what wall of the cell the chromatid is facing are facing
(if they line up on the right, everyone on the right is in your cell)

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23
Q

Draw Independent Assortment

A

Draw

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24
Q

random fertilization

A

Sperm Fertilizes an egg creating a zygote and the random nature of which egg with which sperm creates variation
-Parent can make genetically differnet gamates
-can produce off spring genetically greater than the number of humans on earth

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25
Q

Meosis Handout

A

Meisos 1
-S phase: 1 chromtid to 2 chromatids
Prophase:Crossing over 4 Chromatids-2 chromsones crossing over
Metaphase-Bivalent and line up int the middle of the phase-right or left side is important for indepsedent assortment
Anaphase-tetrad is broken and pulled to this each side of teh cell
telephase- nucleus form around chosmones
(you are haploid by the ned of this)

cytokensis-breakt he cell apart

Meosis 2
Promphase-nuclear enevlope diappear
metpahse- line up in the middle of the cell-indepdent assortment
Anaphase-2 Chromatid to 1 chromatid per chrosomes and is happing in 2 cells at the same time
Telaphase-Know you have four cells and haploid(product of crossing over and intendent assortment)

Combine with egg or sperm cell for variation-haploid until fertilization happen
-Human female don’t finish meiosis until after fertilization

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26
Q

Comparing meiosis and Mitosis

A

Meosis 1
-Crossing over and Indepdenet assortment in Meisos 2
-2 PMAT
-Product of meiosis one is haploid cells
-2 cells to 4 cells in meiosis 2

Mitosis
1 to 2 identical cells

27
Q

“Starting meiosis with 12 chromosomes per cell, how many chromosomes per cell do you get after meiosis?”

A

6

28
Q

How to punnet square draw

A

Yy X Yy is (parent-maternal/egg at the top and dad/pollen at the side)
Y-Dominant
y-recessive

Punnet Square

-starts with Yy (top)X Yy(side)
first box is YY
-3 box eithet YY or Yy meaning yellow/dominate
-1 box has yy menaing its green/recessive
ratio 1:2:1(Homozygous dom. to heteryzmous to homzygeous reccessive)
-parents/ gamates can only put one version of gene into an egg is meiosis diploid to haploid in cell, the ys are called alles

29
Q

Coin Probability

A

Flip 2 choice at the same time
-HH is homozygeous domiant=yellow
Hh-herezymous still show up with trait=yellow
hh-homzoymeous recessive only come up with both present=green

you do 40 flips you get three to 1 or 30:10 ratio

30
Q

Mendel ratio applied to human-ratio of male and female having a girl

A

its 50% chance of having a girl but their families with all boy and girls it just propability but if somone had 400 children it would be close to a 50% ratio but usually people dont have that many children

31
Q

Mendel’s data table question

A

thrpugh his expeirment for each trial he didnt get 3:1-yellow to green but if you add up all the trial you get a three to one ratio, so their is variance in this data table

32
Q

True breeding plant

A

A plant that every time it grow you get that chaarcterist the parent geenration was this

33
Q

Mendel first experiment

A

Parential feneral:P(Green+ yellow(Pollen green+egg yellow) produce all yellow
first generation called call F1 -Filial generation
(Found Yellow is dominant over green)

F1 yellow+ yellow produced F2 third generation which is green and more yellow
-1 to 3 (green to yellow) ratio
-same with wrinked in smooth and smooth is domiant over wrinkled peas

34
Q

Mendels Model Systems/FLower anatomy

A

Pea flower have male parts and female parts
male parts are stamen(pollen on it is like male sperm) and female parts are stigma(sticky and female egg is in ovual) and this combo grown in pollin tube by mitosis
-self pollinateion to produce pea without over plants and pes have characteristics like color or wrinckled

35
Q

Mendalian Genetics

A

Mendel Monk Scientist study traits and how they are pass on traits(dsiadantage long time to grow)

36
Q

Mitosis and Meiosis Group exersie

A

Explain these terms:
* Allele-a version of a gene(pug and grate dane are both dogs)(blue eyes vs brown eyes but both eyes- can have more than one version in the genome.
-populations can have dozens of eye colors
-If you have blue eyes you have 2 copies of the blue eyes allles one from mom and one from dad-someone could have a copy of blue and a copy of brown and brown wins

  • Crossing over-happen in prophase one where you exchange information, it only happen in meiosis and sources of variation
  • Synapsis-where chrosomes are attched in crossing over
  • Diploid/haploid-number o fchrosomes per cells 2 copies is diploid per is 1 copies per. After meiosis 1 you are haploid.
  • Independent assortment-how you are alined in the middle of the cell in metephase controll what chromsones go togther in the cell(left side or right side) and it happen in meisosi one and meiosis two
  • All stages of meiosis with any# of starting
    chromosomes
  • Where variation comes from
  • microtubels come from the centrosomes which in aminal cells has a centriole to the centromere and to the middle, all coverge on centriole

Variation:which sperm with which egg, independent assortment, and crossing over

37
Q

Foiling in genetic

A

HhSsXhhss
HS hs
HS hs
hS hs
hs hs

38
Q

Mendels law of indepedent assortment

A

Those alles are not linked of hair and likign sinks in cats meaning a cat can have hair and not like sinks

39
Q

Mendels law of segreation

A

Only one gamates carry one alles for a gene

you have Hh Ss but parent sperm just has HS

40
Q

Punnet Square

A

top and side reprent gamates -sperm and egg from parents

41
Q

Dyhybrid cross

A

2 pairs of allese crossed
-only take one dominat alles for trait to show up

42
Q

Monhydrid cross

A

1 pair of alles following one trait(-gene code for a certain thing you can see)
-gene in human is about 22,000

43
Q

How Mendel’s pea plants helped us understand genetics

A

Aurtain monk pruncipels that rule herleidy
Green pod +Yellow Pod=Yellow Pod dominate trait expressed
The baby fertaizled and got babies with yellow anf green seeds, so the green was athe hidden trait the reccive trait-three to one proporation

Trait depend on factos one from mother and one from father called alleles and repsent different variation of a gene

Homzygeous pea where both peas are identical or heterzogous pea where the two alles are different

Genotype-It is the combination of alles
Phenotype is the result of the gene ebign expressed yellow or green

Punnit suqare-show distrctution of allles to descednets

44
Q

How allese get passed down

A

traits are coded for on a chromosome one from mom and one from dad you can have a different version from each parent which are alles
Each parent
has 2 versions*
of each gene- 1
they got from
Mom, 1 they got
from Dad
Each parent
gives 1 of the 2
versions to the
next generation

-(Alles on loci’s visualized)
alles like eye color and hair color dont have to be on the same chromosome

45
Q

Hetorzygous parent

A

-Can make any trait if both parent are heretzymes for 2 traits so
-25% of each variation
-2 hereterzymous fish make 25% of offspring homzygoeus reccessive

46
Q

Trihybrid and dihydbrid crosses

A

YySs xYySs
2 X 2=4 gamates(Sperm and egg)
4X 4= 16 Sqaures in punnent

In top first is YS and side is YS so in Square is YYSS(1 alles for each parent because of meiois)

YySsWW
2 X 2 X 1=4

47
Q

dihydbrid crosses on punnet

A

YySs xYySs
2 X 2=4 gamates(Sperm and egg)
4X 4= 16 Sqaures in punnent
ratio for dihydrbid is (9:3:3:1
In top first is YS and side is YS so in Square is YYSS(1 alles for each parent because of meiois)

Notes:
YySsWW
2 X 2 X 1=4

48
Q

Draw Trihybrid corss punnet

A

Notes:
YySsWW
2 X 2 X 1=4

YyRrWw X YyRrWW
2x2x2 2x2x1
8x4=36 square in punnet

49
Q

Probability basic

A

Past 4 you use prpoabiltiy and a nnot a trihybrid square
Range 0 to 1
0 or 0% means it doesn’t happen
100% or 1 means it will happen
0.5 or 50% mean 50% chance of happening

50
Q

Multiplicative law of simple probability

A

The overall chance for the occurrence of two or more independent random events in exact order is equal to the product of their individual probabilities.

-The chance of rolling exactly a five on a die is 1/6,
* The chance of rolling exactly a four on a die is 1/6,
* So, the overall chance of rolling exactly a five on the
first die and then a four on the second die is :
* 1/6 X 1/6 = 1/36
* Multiplication Rule= This AND that happening
Multiplicative law of simple probability

51
Q

Additive Law of simple probability

A

When there are multiple ways or tries for
a chance outcome to occur, the overall
probability is the sum of the individual
events.
 For Example:
* If one can win by rolling a 4 or a 5 with one
die, then the overall chance of winning is:
* The chance of rolling a four is 1/6
* Or the chance of rolling a five is also 1/6
* So, the overall chance is 1/6 +1/6 = 2/6 =
1/3
* Addition rule- this OR this happening

52
Q

Rules of genetic propbability

A

We can apply the rules of probability to predict the
outcome of crosses involving multiple characters
 A multicharacter cross is equivalent to two or more
independent individual gene crosses occurring
simultaneously
 In calculating the chances for various genotypes,
each character is considered separately, and then
the individual probabilities are multiplied

53
Q

Probability example with Flowers

A

PpYyRr X PpYyRr
propability is 3:1

Chance of Purple (PP or Pp) AND Yellow
(YY or Yy) AND round (RR or Rr)-
¾ * ¾ * ¾ = 27/64

Chance of white (pp) OR green (yy) OR
wrinkled (rr)-
¼ + ¼ + ¼ = ¾

54
Q

What’s the probability of 2 parents that
are heterozygous for 3 traits having a
child that is homozygous recessive for
all 3 traits?

A

This is a and
reccessive is 1/4

1/4 x 1/4 x 1/4=1/64

55
Q

What’s the probability of 2 parents that are
heterozygous for 3 traits having a child that is
homozygous recessive for ANY 1 OF 3 traits?
A. 1/4
B. 3/4
C. 3/64
D. 4/64

A

This is an or
reccesive is 1/4
1/4+1/4+1/4=3/4

56
Q

incomplete dominance

A

Two alleles can both be dominant at the same time(incomplete dominance)

White flower and Red flower=pink flower
one from mom and dad both turn into protein

57
Q

Simple dominance

A

rare in genetics
Genetics can be MUCH more complex than simple dominance/recessive
trait not codes for one gene

For most traits- simple dominance is too simple to explain the phenotype.Any trait likely not only controlled by one gene at one
locus, and even if that is true, the number of alleles in a population is many more than 2.

58
Q

polygenic

A
  • Traits can be controlled by dozens of alleles (polygenic)
    -skincolor is polygenic and controlled by dozens of alleles
59
Q

GXE

A
  • Traits can be influenced by environment (GXE) affetc phenotypes/ changes you expressions
    soil ph affect hydrengioys color
    neutral=pink
    acid makes blue

sun-more melanin

60
Q

sex linked

A

Traits can be linked to sex chromosomes (sex-linked)
hemaphila is a sexlinked triat and is a blood disorder.It is on the x chromosomes and if you are a male and you have an x chrosomes it is reccessive and it you have one copies of the you expressed(XY) it while women have XX and one can be reccessive and one can be dominant and never expressed.

61
Q

Human blood type

A

A, B, O, +, - refer to carbohydrates on the outside of your RBC’s and what type they are
A,B,O coded for by I gene
+/- by D gene
A,B co-dominant over O (i)
+ dominant over -

controlled by gene that are pyogenic(controlled by many genes) in the populations

62
Q

Epistais

A

One gene can control another gene, so that you need to know alleles at 2 genes (at least) to figure out the phenotype

-one gene control another gene so you need to know what is happening with both location on both alles to know what is happening

codes for color at all if recessive your a yellow lab
another codes for what type of coat color if you have two copies of coat color you are a black lab and if you just have one copy your a brown lab

63
Q

Human Blood type in punnet

A

ABO
IAi or IAIA Type A
IBi or IBIB Type B
IAIB Type AB
ii Type O

Postiive or Negetaive
Iai DD or Iai Dd Type A+
ii dd Type O-

64
Q

A man who is AB – is claiming that the child of a
woman who is O – is his child. The child is O +. Do
the Punnett square, and then answer if it is possible
that the child is his.
Remember- this is a DIHYBRID cross- because 2
genes are involved for each parent
Do the Punnett Square, then answer the question
(we will answer as a class)

Draw:

A

Top AB-
Iai dd Iaidd

Side O-
is ii dd

Not his child

Test 2 (2 decks)

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