Test 2 - practice test content Flashcards
(48 cards)
what kind of alpha linkage is glycogen made up of?
alpha 1,4 (strain chains) and 16, linkages (branch points)
What protein transports fatty acids in the blood?
albumin
What is the main protein in blood plasma
albumin
where is albumin made
in the liver
name all that albumin transports
fatty acids, hormones, drugs, bilirubin (residue of broken down red blood cells)
what is albumin’s function other than transport
maintains blood pressure by keeping water in the blood vessels
how does albumin carry fatty acids
albumin is a hydrophobic pocket that binds to fatty acids (also hydrophobic)
Why do some hormones need carriers and others dont?
Steroid hormones (like estrogen, testosterone) need carriers because they’re fat-soluble.
Peptide hormones (like insulin, glucagon) don’t — they just float in the blood.
what is acetylcholine
Acetylcholine (ACh) is a neurotransmitter — a chemical that nerve cells use to send signals.
It’s involved in:
Muscle contraction
Memory and learning
Parasympathetic nervous system (“rest and digest”)
What is rhodopsin
Rhodopsin is a light-sensitive protein found in the rods of the retina (in your eye)
It’s essential for night vision (helps you see in low light)
membrane-bound protein (in eye)
made of a protein called opsin + retinal
what is adrenaline/epinephrine
Adrenaline (also called epinephrine) is a hormone and neurotransmitter
Made by your adrenal glands (above the kidneys)
Released during stress or danger — part of the “fight or flight” response => Increases heart rate, Raises blood pressure, Boosts blood glucose, Opens airways, Prepares muscles for action
how is adrenaline carried in the body
Adrenaline is water-soluble, so it dissolves directly in the blood
No carrier protein is needed
It travels through the bloodstream to reach target organs quickly
In glycolysis, ATP molecules are produced by ____
substrate-level phosphorylation
It means a phosphate group is directly transferred from a high-energy molecule (like 1,3-BPG or PEP) to ADP to make ATP
No oxygen or mitochondria are needed — happens right in the cytoplasm
Whats the purpose of glycolysis
Breakdown of glucose to make energy
In glycolysis, glucose is broken down into what first? give the enzyme and reactants/products
glucose => glucose-6-phosphate. hexokinase is the enzyme that takes a phosphate from ATP and transforms it into ADP to give to glucose.
hexo = 6C
kinase = phosphorylation
in glycolysis, glucose-6-phosphate is transformed into what? give the enzyme and reactants/products
glucose-6-phosphate => fructose-6-phosphate.
isomerase is used. its just a rearrangement
in glycolysis, fructose-6-phosphate is transformed into what? give the enzyme and reactants/products
fructose-6-phosphate => fructose-1,6-biphosphate.
addition of a phosphate at 1
by phospho-fructokinase
1 ATP becomes ADP
in glycolysis, fructose-1,6-phosphate is transformed into what? give the enzyme and reactants/products
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (isomers).
done by aldolase
in the second phase of glycolysis, glyceraldeyde-3-phosphate is transformed into what? give the enzyme and reactants/products
glyceraldeyde-3-phosphate => 1-3bisphospho-glycerate.
Done by Gl-3-P, PO4 and dehydrogenase (the H is given to NAD => NADH)
in the second phase of glycolysis, 1-3bisphospho-glycerate is transformed into what? give the enzyme and reactants/products
1-3bisphospho-glycerate. => 3-phospho-glycerate
Done by phosphoglycerate kinase
ADP => ATP
in the second phase of glycolysis, 3-phospho-glycerate is transformed into what? give the enzyme and reactants/products
3-phospho-glycerate => 2-phospho-glycerate.
done by phosphoglycerate mutase
in the second phase of glycolysis, how is 2-phospho-glycerate is transformed into pyruvate? give the enzyme and reactants/products
2-phospho-glycerate => phosphoenol pyruvate => pyruvate
done by enolase MG2+ and pyruvate kinase
ADP => ATP
give the net reaction of glycolysis
The 4 different redox centers found in protein complexes I–IV of the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) are….
Flavin mononucleotide (FMN)/coenzymes
Iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters
Cytochromes (with heme groups)
Copper (Cu) centers
