Test 2 Study Flashcards
(136 cards)
1
Q
a single dose of ______ causes erythema
A
3-10 Gy
2
Q
what kVp was used for Grenz ray therapy?
A
10 - 20 kVp
2
Q
2 late effects of rad?
A
radiodermatitis, cataracts
3
Q
rad-induced leukemia is considered to have an at-risk period of what?
A
approx. 20 yrs
4
Q
what is the most radiosensitive cell during female germ cell development?
A
oocyte in the mature follicle
4
Q
form of ARS where death occurs in 3-10 days
A
gastrointestinal syndrome
5
Q
the dose of rad. that produces twice the frequency of genetic mutations as would have been observed without the rad.
A
doubling dose
5
Q
leukemia has a latent period of?
A
4-7 yrs
6
Q
hematopoietic syndrome may occur in how many weeks?
A
6-8
6
Q
where do cataracts occur?
A
on post. pole of the lens
6
Q
Cataracts, leukemia, and genetic mutations are examples of: a. Diseases that are not caused by ionizing radiation b. Measurable radiation-induced biologic damage c. Diseases caused by nonionizing radiation d. Radiation-induced biologic damage that cannot be measured
A
b. Measurable radiation-induced biologic damage
6
Q
Early demise of experimental animals exposed to nonlethal doses of ionizing radiation actually resulted from: a. Accelerated aging b. Hemorrhage c. Induction of cancer d. Respiratory distress
A
c. Induction of cancer
7
Q
Without medical support, the LD 50/30 for adult humans is estimated to be:
A
3 - 4 Gy (300 to 400 rad)
8
Q
With regard to radiation exposure, which part of the gastrointestinal tract is most severely affected? a. Esophagus b. Stomach c. Small intestine d. Large intestine
A
c. Small intestine
9
Q
what kind of irradiation does not impair fertility?
A
low-dose, chronic
10
Q
what is the dose-response relationship for rad-induced cataracts?
A
nonlinear, threshold
11
Q
After a week, what stage has visible symptoms and is when recovery is possible?
A
manifest illness
12
Q
what can be mistaken for early recovery?
A
latent period (of ARS)
12
Q
When are the ovaries of the human most radiosensitive? a. During the fetal stages of life and during early childhood b. After puberty and the onset of menstruation c. From 20 to 30 years of age d. During pregnancy
A
a. During the fetal stages of life and during early childhood
13
Q
ARS follows what kind of dose-response relationship?
A
nonlinear threshold
13
Q
Cancer and genetic defects are examples of ________ effects. a. Stochastic b. Nonstochastic c. Birth d. Deterministic
A
a. Stochastic
14
Q
stage of ARS w symptoms of nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, leukopenia (reduction in WBCs)
A
prodromal period
14
Q
Infection, hemorrhage, and cardiovascular collapse are symptoms that can occur as part of acute radiation syndrome during the: 1. Initial stage 2. Latent period 3. Stage called manifest illness
A
3 only
15
Q
Most diagnostic procedures result in equivalent doses: a. Above 0.01 Sv (1 rem) b. Less than 0.01 Sv (1 rem) c. Above 1.56 Sv (156 rem) d. Between 0.01 Sv and 1.56 Sv (1 rem and 156 rem)
A
b. Less than 0.01 Sv (1 rem)
16
what form of ARS occurs at above 50 Gy (5000 rads)?
cerebrovascular/CNS syndrome
17
As radiation dose increases, the severity of early effects: a. Also increases b. Gradually decreases c. Increases sharply then gradually decreases d. Remains constant
a. Also increases
18
ea. cell consists of ____ pairs of autosomes & a pair of sex chromosomes (X from female, Y from male)
22
18
Which of the following occurs in humans after whole-body reception of large doses of ionizing radiaiton delivered over a short period of time?
ARS
19
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is rare and therefore not considered to be a form of rad-induced leukemia
chronic lymphocytic leukemia
19
erythema follows what type of dose-response relationship?
nonlinear, threshold
19
\_\_\_\_\_\_ rad causes permanent female sterility
500-625
20
the theory of ____________ suggests that very low rad doses are beneficial
hormesis
20
3 forms of ARS?
1. hematopoietic syndrome/Hematologic syndrome/bone marrow syndrome, 2. gastrointestinal syndrome, 3. cerebrovascular/CNS syndrome
22
a whole body dose of what can cause death?
200 rad (2 Gy)
24
acute rad. lethality follows a ________________ dose-response relationship
nonlinear, threshold
24
Acute radiation syndrome presents in four major response stages. In what order do these stages occur? a. Latent period, prodromal, manifest illness, recovery or death b. Manifest illnes, prodromal, latent period, recovery or death c. Prodromal, latent period, manifest illness, recovery or death d. Manifest illness, latent period, prodromal, recovery of death
c. Prodromal, latent period, manifest illness, recovery or death
26
rad-induced cataracts occur on the _________ o the lens
post. pole
27
a collection of symptoms assoc. w high level rad exposure
ARS
28
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ after orthovoltage XRs (200-300 kVp)
erythema
29
Some examples of measurable late biologic damage are: 1. Cataracts 2. Leukemia 3. Nausea and vomiting 4. Genetic mutations a. 1 and 2 only b. 2 and 3 only c. 1, 2, and 3 only d. 1, 2, and 4 only
d. 1, 2, and 4 only
30
LD 10/30?
10% lethality w/in 30 days
31
rad-induced skin cancer follows what kind of dose-response relationship?
threshold
32
reddening of the skin caused by exposure to ionizing rad
radio-dermatitis
33
when is a periodic blood exam recommended as a feat. of any current rad. protection program?
never
34
what form of ARS does death occur within a few hrs or 2-3 days?
cerebrovascular/CNS syndrome
34
Which of the following factors govern organ and tissue response to radiation exposure? 1. Growth rate 2. Radiosensitivity 3. Reproductive characteristics
1, 2 & 3
36
immediate response of rad. sickness is the _______ period
prodromal period
36
what form of ARS where affected organ/organ systems will fail, where pt's are more susceptible to infection?
hematopoietic syndrome
36
what is the threshold dose of cataracts??
200 rad
37
stage of ARS after exposure during which there is no sign of rad sickness
latent period
38
at worst, humans can expect a reduced life span of approx. 10 days for every \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
10 mGy
39
most radiosensitive period in pregnancy?
1st trimester
39
Which of the following measures the effectiveness of ionizing radiaiton in causing mutations? a. LD 50/30 b. Doubling dose c. Relative biologic effectiveness (RBE) d. Dose-response curve
b. Doubling dose
41
our rad protection guides are based on what kind of dose-response relationship?
linear, non threshold
42
\_\_\_\_\_ suppresses and delays female menstruation
10 rad
43
what are the most radiosensitive cells in the body?
lymphocytes & spermatogonia
43
Imaging procedures generally result in: a. Relatively low doses of gonadal radiation for the patient and for imaging personnel b. Moderate doses of gonadal radiation for the patient and for imaging personnel c. High doses of gonadal radiation for the patient and for imaging personnel d. Relatively low doses of gonadal radiation for the patient and very high gonadal doses for imaging personnel
a. Relatively low doses of gonadal radiation for the patient and for imaging personnel
45
what period of pregnancy is of least concern? why?
first 2 weeks; bc response is all-or-nothing
46
During the embryonic stage of development: a. All life forms seem to be most vulnerable to radiation exposure b. Only a very small percentage of life forms seem to be vulnerable to radiation exposure c. A significant percentage of life forms seem to be vulnerable to radiation exposure d. Exposure to radiation cannot damage any life form
a. All life forms seem to be most vulnerable to radiation exposure
47
rate of life span shortening?
loss of 10 days for every rad
48
who formulated a no. of rad. protection measures and died in 1910 of metastatic malignancy to the axilla?
Dr. M. K. Kassabian
49
some labs use cytogenetic analysis as a what?
bio rad dosimeter
50
cataracts follow what type of dose-response relationship?
nonlinear, threshold
52
what form of ARS results in a decrease in blood count?
hematopoietic syndrome
53
The BEIR Committee has further stated that bc of the uncertainty in its analysis, less than _______ may not be harmful
10 mGy
54
3 stages of ARS
prodromal period, latent period, manifest illness
56
the ultimate cause of death in CNS syndrome is what?
elevated fluid content of the brain
57
damage to what results in the earliest manifestation of rad. injury to the skin?
basal cells
58
Dr. M. K. Kassabian documented the deterioration of his ____ due to \_\_\_\_\_\_
hands; radio-dermatitis
60
what form of ARS occurs at 2-10 Gy (200-1000 rads)?
hematopoietic syndrome
61
Most radiation-induced genetic mutations are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. a. Dominant mutations b. Expressed in first-generation offspring c. Spontaneous mutations unique to radiation d. Recessive mutations
d. Recessive mutations
62
sequence of events that follow high level rad exposure leading to death w/in days or weeks
acute rad syndrome (ARS)
63
In 1898, after developing burns attributed to radiation exposure, this Boston dentist began investigating the hazards of radiation exposure and became the first advocate of radiation protection. Who is this person? a. William Herbert Rollins b. Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen c. Thomas Alva Edison d. Clarence Madison Dally
a. William Herbert Rollins
64
For a recessive mutation to appear in an offspring: a. Both patents must have the same genetic defect b. Both parents must have only dominant genes c. Neither parent needs to have a genetic defect d. Only one parent must have a genetic defect
a. Both patents must have the same genetic defect
66
what is the relative risk of childhood leukemia after irradiation in utero?
1.5
67
what kind of work is more hazardous? working as an offshore oilfield worker or nuclear plant worker
offshore oilfield worker
68
stage of ARS that occurs w/in mins to hrs after a whole body dose of 1 Gy (100 rads)
prodromal period
68
\_\_\_\_\_ rad produces permanent male sterility
500-600
69
symptoms include: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, loss of apetite, lethargy, anemia, leukopenia, hemorrhage GI bleeding, and infection
gastrointestinal syndrome
70
leukemia has risk period of?
20 yrs
71
On which of the following factors does somatic or genetic radiation-induced damage depend? 1. The amount of body area exposed 2. The quantity of ionizing radiation to which the subject is expsoed 3. The specific parts of the body exposed
1, 2, & 3
73
the ________ period is the T after exposure during which there is no sign of rad. sickness
latent
74
LD 50/30?
dose of rad to the whole body that will result in death w/in 30 days for 50% of subjects irradiated
75
1st 2 weeks of pregnancy?
little concern bc all-or-nothing response
76
ovaries produce what? that mature into what?
oogonia; ovum
78
the study of cell genetics, particularly cell chromosomes
cytogenetics
78
Which of the following are parts of the hematopoietic system? 1. Bone marrow 2. Circulating blood 3. Lymphoid organs
1, 2, & 3
79
formerly used for ringworm treatments (tinea capitis); low kVp levels used (10-20 kVp)
Grenz ray therapy
80
When biologic effects from ionizing radiation demonstrate the existence of a threshold and the severity of the damage increases as a consequence of increased absorbed dose, the events are considered:
deterministic
82
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ rad results in temporary male sterility
200 - 250
83
Which of the following local tissues will experience immediate consequences from high radiation doses? 1. Bone marrow 2. Male and female reproductive organs 3. Skin
1, 2, & 3
84
the _____________ is characterized by a reduction in WBCs, RBCs, & platelets
hematologic syndrome
85
the shrinkage of organs/tissue caused by cell death
atrophy
86
The hematopoietic, gastrointestinal, and cerebrovascular syndromes are three separate dose-related syndromes that are part of the:
total-body syndrome
88
\_\_\_\_\_\_ can lead to reduction in the no. of spermatozoa
10 rad
89
states that partial body exposure is less harmful than full body exposure
acute rad lethality
90
Many early radiologists and dentists developed a reddening of the skin caused by exposure to ionizing radiation. This condition is called:
radiodermatitis
91
GI death occurs principally bc of severe?
damage to the cells lining the intestines
93
what form of ARS occurs at 10-50 Gy (1000-5000 rads)?
gastrointestinal syndrome
95
leukemia follows what type of dose-response relationship?
linear, non-threshold
96
amount of rad. that causes the no. of mutations in a pop. to double
doubling dose
96
The use of high-level fluoroscopy for extended periods of time can result in:
Radiation-induced skin injuries for patients
97
what are the most radiosensitive cells in the body?
lymphocytes & spermatogonia
98
Spontaneous mutations in human genetic material cause a wide variety of diseases including: 1. Down syndrome 2. Hemophilia 3. Sickle cell anemia
1, 2, & 3
99
The linear nonthreshold curve implies that biologic response is: a. Directly proportional to the dose b. In versely proportional to the dose c. Insignificant in relation to dose d. Not able to be plotted on a dose-response curve
a. Directly proportional to the dose
101
In humans with the gastrointestinal ARS, the part of the body most severely affected is the:
small intestine
102
the LD 50/60 is the dose of rad. to the whole body that causes?
50% of irradiated subjects to die w/in 60 days.
104
rad-induced chromosome abberations follow what kind of dose-response relationship?
non-threshold
105
Which of the following are mutagens? 1. Elevated temperatures 2. Ionizing radiation 3. Viruses a. 1 and 2 only b. 1 and 3 only c. 2 and 3 only d. 1, 2, and 3
d. 1, 2, and 3
106
Lethal dose of ionizing radiation for humans is usually givien as: a. LD 50/30 b. LD 50/60 c. LD 50/90 d. LD 50/120
b. LD 50/60
108
we do not have any data that suggests that rad-induced ________ effects occur in humans
genetic
109
testes produce what? that mature into what?
spermatogonia; sperm
110
When exposure to ionizing radiation causes proliferation of the white blood cells, the radiation-induced disease that occurs is: a. Anemia b. Erythroleukosis c. Granulocytopenia d. Leukemia
d. Leukemia
111
symptoms include: excessive nervousness, confusion, severe nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, loss of vision, burning sensation of skin, loss of consciousness, shock & seizure
cerebrovascular/CNS syndrome
112
Which of the following systems is the most radiosensitive vital organ system in human beings? a. Cerebrovascular b. Gastrointestinal c. Hematopoietic d. Skeletal
c. Hematopoietic
113
ARS is actually a collection of symptoms associated with: a. Exposure to low-level radiation b. Exposure to moderate-level radiation c. Exposure to high-level radiation d. Exposure to nonionizing radiation
c. Exposure to high-level radiation
114
Which of the following types of cells develop from a single precusor cell, the pluripotential stem cell? 1. Lymphocytes and granulocytes 2. Thrombocytes and erythrocytes 3. Plates a. 1 only b. 2 only c. 3 only d. 1, 2, and 3
d. 1, 2, and 3
115
rad-induced leukemia follows what kind of dose-response relationship?
linear, non threshold
117
rad-induced chromosome aberrations follow a _________ dose-response relationship
nonthreshold
118
During the age of approximately 12 to 50, how many mature ova will a female produce?
400 to 500
119
what is the doubling dose for humans??
approx. 50-250 rads
121
diagnostic XR beams always result in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which is less harmful than \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
partial-body exposure; whole-body exposure
122
Which of the following measures of lethality may be a more relevant indicator of outcome for humans? a. LD 10/30 b. LD 50/30 c. LD 50/60 d. LD 100/60
c. LD 50/60
123
When cells are exposed to sublethal doses of ionizing radiation, repair and recovery may occur because cells: a. Are completely insensitive to radiation exposure b. Contain a repair mechanism inherent iin their biochemistry (repair enzymes) c. Exposed to sublethal doses become hypoxic and recover more efficiently d. Mutate and become radioresistant
b. Contain a repair mechanism inherent iin their biochemistry (repair enzymes)
125
LD 50/30 for humans is about?
300 rad (3 Gy)
126
Which of the following are examples of stochastic effects? a. Nausea and vomiting b. Epilation and fatigue c. Diarrhea and leukopenia d. Cancer and genetic defects
d. Cancer and genetic defects
127
The only concrete evidence that ionizing radiation causes genetic effects comes from: a. Human populations exposed to low radiation doses b. Human populations exposed to moderate radiation doses c. Human populations exposed to high radiation doses d. Extensive experiments with fruit flies and mice at high radiation doses
b. Human populations exposed to moderate radiation doses
128
rad-induced leukemia is considered to have a latent period of what?
4 -7 yrs
129
our rad protection guides are based on what kind of rad effects?
stochastic
130
what occurs after a week of high level rad exposure?
latent period
131
When cells are exposed to subletal doses of ionizing radiation, approximately ________ of radiation-induced damage may be repaired over time, and about _______ is irreparable. a. 25%, 75% b. 50%, 50% c. 75%, 25% d. 90%, 10%
d. 90%, 10%
132
rad technology is a _____ occupation
safe
133
as the whole body rad dose increases, the avg T btw exposure & death decreases. This survival T is called?
the mean survival T
134
what represents severe damage to the DNA?
chromosome hit
135
The linear dose-response model is used to establish radiation protection standards because it accurately reflects the effects of: a. Both high-linear energy transfer (LET) and low LET types of radiation at higher doses b. Both high-LET and low-LET types of radiation at lower doses c. High-LET radiation at higher doses d. Low-LET radiation at lower doses
c. High-LET radiation at higher doses
136
\_\_\_\_ rad causes temporary female sterility
200
