Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Patho Pharm > Test 2 Study Guide > Flashcards

Test 2 Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

How do our bodies identify immune cells?

A

identified by a specific protein on its cell surface called the
Cluster of Differentiation/CD marker

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the antigen receptor of the B Cell called?

A

B Cell Receptor (BCR)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

A fully differentiated B cell is called a ______

A

plasma cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The presence of C19 or C20 indicate the Prescence of

A

B Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The presence of C3+ indicate the Prescence of

A

T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The presence of CD56+ indicate the Prescence of

A

Natural Killer Cells (part of innate immunity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the name of the Natural Killer Cell’s receptor?

A

Killer Inhibitory Receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The presence of CD11c+ indicate the Prescence of

A

Dendritic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Another word for WBCs is

A

Granulocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What WBCs can be identified by the presence of CD66b+

A

◦ Neutrophils
◦ Eosinophils
◦ Basophils
◦ Mast Cells

Neutrophils play a major role in fighting off bacterial infections; eosinophils play a major role in fighting off parasites; and basophils and mast cells play a major role in allergic reactions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The Prescence of purulence in a wound indicates the presence of which WBC

A

Neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe the process of phagocytosis in a neutrophil

A

Bacterium surface antigens connect to neutrophil membrane receptor and neutrophil engulfs bacterium. Bacterium becomes surrounded by a phagosome. Granules (azurophilic, specific) increase PH inside phagosome. A lysosome attaches to the phagosome, becoming a phagolysosome. The phagolysosome digests the contents of the phagosome. The neutrophil dies and is phagocytized by a macrophage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which WBC deals with parasites?

A

Eosinophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What do basophils do

A

promote allergic responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does the presence of CD14+ indicate?

A

Presence of monocytes (baby macrophages) or macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Neutrophils make up what percentage of WBC

A

50-62%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Lymphocytes make up what percentage of WBC

A

25%–40%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

monocytes (baby macrophages) make up what percentage of WBC

A

3%–7%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Eosinophils make up what percentage of WBC

A

0%–3%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Basophils make up what percentage of WBC

A

0%–1%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How long does it take for the adaptive immune system to become effective?

A

About 4 days

22
Q

How do our immune cells know how to differentiate between self and pathogens?

A

PAMPs (Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns) Ex: flagella, single stranded DNA/double stranded RNA, Chemicals in the walls of fungi

23
Q

What are the seven aspects of innate immunity

A

physical/mechanical/chemical barriers

Phagocytosis

Inflammation

acute phase response

fever (pyrexia)

NK cells/antiviral immunity

plasma protein systems

24
Q

IGG

A

MOST ABUNDANT ACCOUNTS FOR MOST OF PROTECTIVE IMMUNITY

25
IGM
LARGEST, FIRST ANTIGEN PRODUCED AT INITIAL RESPONSE
26
IGD
IgD is a B cell antigen receptor that may participate in B cell maturation, maintenance, activation, and silencing
27
IGE
USUAALY IN LOW CONCENTRATIONS AND HAS SPECIALIZED FUNCTION IN ALLERGIC REACTIONS
28
IGA
PROTECTS MUCOSAL SURFACES
29
MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX
MHC ENCODES PROTIENS FOR CELL SURFACES SO THAT IMMUNE CELLS CAN RECOGNIZE SELF VS NONSELF Glycoproteins on the surface of all human cells (except RBCs) MAKES HISTOCOMPATIBILTY (COEXISTING TISSUES) POSSIBLE
30
How bacteria evade our immune system/develop antibiotic resistance
 Coating to evade phagocytes  Degrade complement and IgA  Toxins  Molecular mimicry  Antibiotic resistance  Biofilm  Change antigens  Antigenic Drift  More gradual mutations of surface antigens  Antigenic Shift  Major shifts in genetic recombination, usually in species jumping
31
Causes of infection
* Virus * Bacteria * Fungi * Protozoa * Helminths
32
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BACTERIOCIDAL AND BACTERIOSTATIC
 Bactericidal = kill  Bacteriostatic = suppress
33
how antibiotics work
ANITBIOTICS DISRUPT:  Bacterial cell wall (structure/protoplasm)  Bacterial protein synthesis (ribosomes)  Bacterial DNA/RNA (nucleic acid/enzymes)  Bacterial enzymes (folic acid synthesis)
34
2 EXAMPLES OF BACTERIOSTATIC MEDS (INHIBITS PROTEIN SYNTHESIS)
TETRACYCLINES ( Therapeutic Uses: Acne, periodontal disease), MACROLIDES ( Therapeutic Uses  Substitute in PCN allergy)
35
EXAMPLES OF BACTERICIDAL MEDS (INHIBITS PROTEIN SYNTHESIS)
Aminoglycosides  Therapeutic Uses  Narrow spectrum; Serious infections; aerobic gram (-) bacilli
36
WHAT ANTIBIOTIC DISRUPTS THE BACTERIAL CELL WALL
Penicillins  Therapeutic Uses  Primarily Gram (+); broad and narrow spectrum  Contraindications  Caution with Renal dysfunction   PCN blood levels  Severe PCN allergy Cephalosporins (Ceph)  Therapeutic Uses  Primarily Gram (+), multiple generations  Contraindications  Severe PCN allergy  Adverse effects  Bleeding  Monitor; use caution with pts on anticoagulants  Thrombophlebitis
37
WHAT ANTIBIOTIC DISRUPTS THE BACTERIAL METABOLITES
Sulfanomides & Trimethoprim - Bacteriostatic  Therapeutic Uses  Urinary tract infection  Combination TMP/SMZ more powerfuL
38
WHAT ANTIBIOTIC DISRUPTS THE BACTERIAL DNA/RNA SYNTHESIS
Fluoroquinolones (Cipro)  Therapeutic Uses  Broad-spectrum; wide varietY
39
Four Classes of Antifungal Drugs
1. Polyene antibiotics 2. Azoles 3. Echinocandins 4. Pyrimidine analogs
40
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
41
What triggers a stress response and signs and symptoms
* Stressor triggers the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis * Activates sympathetic nervous system * Arousal of body defenses
42
How the Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) responds to stress
tHE BRAIN RELEASE acth AND NERVE SIGNALS TO THE ADRENAL GLAND (CORTEX SECRETES GLUCOCORTICOIDS/CORTISOL)(MEDULLA SECRETES ADRENALINE/EPINEPHRINE) CORTISOL MAKES THE LIVER RELEASE MORE GLUCOSE ADRENALINE INCREASES HR, BREATHING RATE, BG
43
α-adrenergic receptors
ALPHA 1 RECEPTORS: AFFECTS SMOOTH MUSCLE ALPHA CONTRACTION (AC) *STIMULATE* APLHA 2 RECEPTORS: ON NERVE TERMINALS AND DECREASE NORENIPHRINE RELEASE *INHIBIT*
44
β-adrenergic receptors
β1: HEART & JUXTAGLOMERULAR *STIMULATE* β2: AFFECTS SMOOTH MUSCLE ALPHA relaxation (AC) *INHIBIT*
45
difference between primary and secondary immunodeficiency
* Primary (congenital) immunodeficiency – Genetic anomaly MAJOR CONCEPTS 1. Main symptom is recurring infections. 2. Types of infections indicate immune defect. 3. Family history is important for diagnosis * Secondary (acquired) immunodeficiency – Caused by another illness – More common * Far more common than primary deficiencies
46
whats meds make it so hiv cant spread
entry/fusion inhibitors also reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease (enzyme used to enter t cells) inhibitors, and integrase (enzyme that integrates HIV genetic info with t cell's) inhibitors HAR is combo of therapies listed above
47
stages of hiv
Acute stage: This is the period immediately following exposure, at which time the immune system activates to fight the invaders. Serologically negative Chronic stage: This is a prolonged period of years and even decades during which the virus gradually depletes CD4 T-cells, often with few notable symptoms. serologically positive but asymptomatic AIDS: This is the most advanced stage of HIV. Means you have at least two comorbidities that are killing you from having no immune system
48
What is the window period for the HIV test
What is the window period for the HIV test I took? Antibody tests can usually detect HIV 23 to 90 days after exposure. Most rapid tests and self-tests are antibody tests. A rapid antigen/antibody test done with blood from a finger stick can usually detect HIV 18 to 90 days after exposure
49
What does the level of Th cells have to be to be diagnosed with AIDs
<200 cells/mm3
50
What the overall treatment goal and what the goal CD4 T-cell counts are (the number in cells/mm3) for effective treatment
For HIV infection the goal is to have >500 cells/mm^3, with effective ART (healthy individuals have 800-1200 cells/mm^3)
51
organ specific autoimmune diseases
type 1 diabetes mellitus goodpastures syndrome multiple sclerosis graves disease Hashimoto's thyroiditis autoimmunehymolytic anemia autoimmune addisons disease vitiligo myasthenia gravis
52
systemic autoimmune diseases
rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, lupus, Sjogren's, polymyositis

Patho Pharm (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions