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Pathology II > Test 2 study guide > Flashcards

Test 2 study guide Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two major categories of lung cancers?

A

Small cell (SCLC) and Non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC)

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2
Q

What percent of lung cancers fall into SCLC and NSCLC?

A

90%

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3
Q

T or F: Non-small cell lung cancers behave similarly, so are treated similarly.

A

True

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4
Q

Which category is worse, SCLC or NSCLC?

A

SCLC

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5
Q

Which responds better to chemotherapy, SCLC or NSCLC?

A

SCLC

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6
Q

T of F: NSCLC tends to grow faster than SCLC.

A

False, SCLC tends to grow the fastest.

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7
Q

What are the three types of NSCLC?

A

Adenocarcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Large cell undifferentiated carcinoma

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8
Q

Which type carries a greater risk of metastasis, SCLC or NSCLC?

A

SCLC

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9
Q

SCLC is often called:

A

Oat cell carcinoma

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10
Q

The (older/younger) a person is when they start smoking, the (greater/lesser) their risk of getting lung cancer.

A

Younger/greater

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11
Q

Malignant neoplasm that arises in the lung tissue:

A

Bronchogenic carcinoma

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12
Q

T or F: Quitting smoking for 10 years reduces the risk of cancer to that of a non-smoker.

A

False, risk is reduced, but not to non-smoker status.

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13
Q

Paraneoplastic syndromes are common with ________ (NSCLC or SCLC)

A

SCLC

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14
Q

Histologically, SCLC shows (small/large) (light/dark) staining epithelial cells with (scant/copious) cytoplasm.

A

small/dark/scant

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15
Q

The first sign of SCLC might be:

A

paraneoplastic syndrome

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16
Q

Weight loss occurs in what % of lung cancer?

A

40%

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17
Q

Dyspnea occurs in what % of lung cancer?

A

20%

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18
Q

The most common symptom in lung cancer? %?

A

Cough; 75%

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19
Q

Most common clinical presentation of lung cancer?

A

50s, symptoms of several months duration

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20
Q

Adenocarcinoma is typically found:

A

In the periphery

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21
Q

SCLC is typically found:

A

Centrally, near the hilum, but may be found anywhere.

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22
Q

Large cell undifferentiated carcinomas are typically found:

A

anywhere in the lung

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23
Q

Squamous cell carcinomas are typically found:

A

centrally

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24
Q

Adenocarcinoma can be described with the 3 P’s:

A

Peripheral
Pigmented
Puckered

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25
Adenocarcinoma is a __________ epithelial tumor that produces _______ .
Glandular | Mucin
26
Adenocarcinoma is ofter first found:
On a routine CXR, & often having already spread.
27
Adenocarcinoma accounts for ____ of lung cancer.
33%
28
Most frequently diagnosed type of cancer:
Adenocarcinoma
29
How is Squamous cell carcinoma characterized?
Keratinization in the form of pearls, or | individual cells with eosinophillic dense cytoplasm.
30
Squamous cell carcinoma arises from:
The main, lobar, or segmented bronchi.
31
Squamous cell carcinoma is thought to be related to:
Chronic inflammation | Injury of bronchial ciliated columnar epithelium
32
Large cell carcinoma is an epithelial tumor with (small/large) nuclei and (small/moderate/large) amounts of cytoplasm.
large/moderate
33
T of F: LCC and large cell undifferentiated carcinoma are the same thing.
True
34
Most common primary lung neoplasm in children:
Bronchial carcinoid tumors
35
T of F: Bronchial carcinoid tumors are considered a separate type of lung neoplasm.
True
36
Bronchial carcinoid tumors may present with:
Diarrhea Facial flushing Wheezing (Usually with liver metastasis)
37
Most pancoast tumors are SCLC or NSCLC?
NSCLC
38
S/Sx of Pancoast tumors:
general CA Horner's syndrome SVC syndrome Neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome
39
SVC syndrome is characterized by:
Obstruction of venous drainage Dilation of neck veins Neck/facial edema Redness
40
Horner's syndrome is characterized by:
Miosis (pupil constriction) Anhidrosis (inability to sweat) Ptosis (drooping eyelids) Enopthalmos (posterior eye displacement)
41
What are the potential complications of Otitis Media?
``` Spread to mastoid Tympanic membrane perforation Hearing loss Speech delay in babies Cholesteatoma ```
42
Meniere's disease S/Sx:
Overproduction of endolymph Tinnitus Vertigo Sensorineural hearing loss
43
Benign tumor of the Schwann cells of CN XIII:
Acoustic neuroma
44
S/Sx of acoustic neuroma:
``` Progressive unilateral hearing loss (hallmark) Tinnitus Dizziness Otalgia Trigeminal neuralgia Hemiparesis ```
45
A cholesteatoma is:
an epidermoid cyst located in the middle ear, TM, or mastoid; filled with amorphous debris, sometimes cholesterol.
46
Progressive enlargement of a cholesteatoma causes:
erosion of the soft tissues and bones (ossicles, labyrinth, adjacent skull bone)
47
Cholesteatomas are lined with what type of epithelium?
Keratinized squamous or columnar (mucus producing)
48
Cholesteatoma sequelae:
``` Grow into ossicles Deafness Facial paralysis Infection Intercranial abcess ```
49
What is the typical pathogen in Malignant Otitis Externa?
Psuedomonas aeruginosa
50
S/Sx of malignant otitis externa:
Foul smell Purulent otorrhea Severe otalgia Granulation tissue is apparent in external canal
51
Scleritis:
Inflammation of the white of the eye, connective tissue layer covering the choroid, deep to bulbar conjunctiva.
52
Conjunctivitis:
Inflammation of the surface tissue of the globe and inner surface of the eyelid.
53
Causes of conjunctivitis:
Allergic Infectious Granulomatous
54
T of F: Conjunctivitis is more dangerous than Scleritis.
False. Scleritis is much more dangerous; May result from systemic dz like RA; May point to inflammation of the uvea.
55
How can scleritis be differentiated from conjunctivitis?
In scleritis, deep vessels do not constrict with phenylephrine, and are non-displaceable, vs. the surface vessels of the conjunctiva.
56
Glaucoma:
collection of conditions the lead to changes in the visual field, accompanied by elevated intraocular pressure; lack of drainage in anterior chamber.
57
Most common form of glaucoma:
Primary open-angle
58
Two types of glaucoma:
Open-angle, and angle-closure. (refers to anterior angle btw constrictor muscle and cornea; in open-angle, iris is 'back' nearer lens)
59
Describe the microcirculatory changes seen in DM.
Thickened basement membranes of retinal vessels. Frequent microaneurysms. Exudates. Micro occlusions of the small vessels leads to macular edema; cause of vision loss, risk of retinal detachment. Neovascular membrane of new blood vessels forms.
60
How is blood volume restored after acute blood loss?
Shift of water from the interstitial fluid compartment.
61
Immediately after acute hemorrhage, what is the HCT? Later?
Immediately normal - volume of RBCs to plasma still the same. After influx of interstitial fluid into vasculature HCT goes down (hemodilution).
62
What triggers production of erythropoietin (EPO)?
Decreased oxygenation of tissues.
63
Bone marrow can increase capacity of RBC production by how much?
7-8 fold above baseline.
64
Dogs bled out 30%, died when transfused with ________ and lived when transfused with ______________.
Whole blood Saline (Whole blood transfusion made them hyperosmotic)
65
Hemolytic anemia leads to:
``` Gallstones Pulmonary HTN Jaundice SOB Fatigue ```
66
Direct Coomb's Test:
Warm AIHA IgG antibody Chronic disease: SLE, RA
67
Indirect Coomb's Test:
Cold AIHA IgM antibody Acute, self-limiting disease: mycoplasma, mono, virus
68
Intravascular hemolysis leads to:
mechanical trauma: heart valves, physical trauma antibody fixation: mismatch blood transfusion toxic injury to RBCs: malaria, septic shock
69
Extravascular hemolysis leads to:
structural changes: less deformable (sickle cell, hereditary spherocytosis)

Pathology II (2 decks)

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