Test 3

Question 1

Which retinal photoreceptor is almost exclusively found in the fovea?

Answer 1

Cones

Question 2

The inability to focus on nearby objects, due to the focal point of light falling beyond the retina.

Answer 2

Hyperopia, or Nearsightedness

Question 3

Photoreceptors abundant in the periphery, best for dim light.

Answer 3

Rods

Question 4

Which photoreceptor sees in black and white, and are sensitive but not detailed?

Answer 4

Rods

Question 5

Which photoreceptor sees color, and is good at detailed vision?

Answer 5

Cones

Question 6

The part of the visual field that either excites or inhibits a cell in the visual system of the brain.

Answer 6

The receptive field

Question 7

Multiple rods give information to?

Answer 7

A single ganglion cell

Question 8

Each cone delivers information to its own…?

Answer 8

Ganglion cell

Question 9

Many-to-one

Answer 9

Convergence

Question 10

One-to-one

Answer 10

Acuity

Question 11

Are there more red or green cones?

Answer 11

They are roughly equivalent.

Question 12

What is our weakest sense at birth?

Answer 12

Vision

Question 13

What theory refers to the red, green, and blue sensitive cones in our retina?

Answer 13

Trichromatic Theory

Question 14

What theory suggests we perceive colors in terms of paired opposites?

Answer 14

Opponent-process theory

Question 15

What do you call the ability to recognize color despite changes in lighting?

Answer 15

Color constancy

Question 16

What theory suggests that the cortex compares information from various parts of the retina to determine the brightness and color of each area?

Answer 16

Retinex Theory

Question 17

Blue color blindness is called?

Answer 17

Tritanopia

Question 18

Where does perception occur?

Answer 18

The brain

Question 19

What structure in the midbrain takes in visual information and reflexively orients toward it?

Answer 19

The superior colliculus

Question 20

What is the inability to recognize faces and what is it caused by?

Answer 20

Prosopagnosia, caused by damage to the fusiform gyrus

Question 21

What law states that there are specifically designed detectors on the tongue, eyes, etc. which understand physical forces which our brain is not built to understand?

Answer 21

The Law of Specific Nerve Energies

Question 22

In the brain, what structure is responsible for responding to things we find disgusting?

Answer 22

The insula

Question 23

In the brain, what structure is responsible for our emotional response to pain?

Answer 23

The Cingulate Cortex

Question 24

The region around the aqueduct which is important in responding to our own pain is called what?

Answer 24

The periaqueductal gray, or PAG

Question 25

Enkephalins are an example of what?

Answer 25

An Endorphin

Question 26

Chemicals, related to marijuana, which can block certain kinds of pain, particularly in the periphery of the body.

Answer 26

Cannabinoids

Question 27

Sensory receptors for pain.

Answer 27

Nociceptors

Question 28

Poisons tend to taste

Answer 28

Bitter or sour

Question 29

Which senses were the first to have evolved in humans?

Answer 29

The chemosenses, taste and smell

Question 30

What principle states that each receptor responds to a limited range of stimuli and sends information in a direct line to the brain?

Answer 30

The labeled-line principle

Question 31

What principle states that each receptor responds to a wider range of stimuli and contributes to the perception of each of them?

Answer 31

Across-fiber pattern

Question 32

How often are taste receptors replaced?

Answer 32

Every 10-14 days

Question 33

What are the bumps on your tongue called?

Answer 33

Papillae

Question 34

Papillae contain how many taste buds each?

Answer 34

Up to 10

Question 35

How many receptors does each taste bud contain?

Answer 35

About 50

Question 36

Where on the tongue are most human taste buds located?

Answer 36

Along the outside edge

Question 37

Which taste receptors are ionotropic?

Answer 37

Salty and Sour

Question 38

Which taste receptors cause sodium ions to cross the membrane, resulting in action potentials?

Answer 38

Saltiness receptors

Question 39

Why are sweet, bitter, and umami receptors metabotropic?

Answer 39

Because they are molecules rather than ions.

Question 40

What is the primary taste cortex?

Answer 40

The insula

Question 41

Do humans have a pheromone center?

Answer 41

Yes, but it is largely defunct and vestigial

Question 42

How is taste organized in the brain?

Answer 42

Ipsilaterally

Question 43

What sense refers to the detection and recognition of chemicals that contact the inside of the nose?

Answer 43

Olfaction

Question 44

Taste and Olfaction both serve what purpose?

Answer 44

Controlling approach/avoidance

Question 45

Where are the olfactory cells?

Answer 45

Lining the nasal epithelium in the rear of the nasal passage.

Question 46

How do olfactory nerve axons deliver information to the brain?

Answer 46

Directly, through the holes in the bone between the nose and brain.

Question 47

The inability to smell is called what?

Answer 47

Anosmia

Question 48

A set of receptors located near the olfactory receptors which are sensitive to pheromones.

Answer 48

The Vomeronasal Organ, or VNO

Question 49

What is the path that smell is processed through?

Answer 49

The olfactory bulbs, then the cortex, then the limbic system (particularly the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus)

Question 50

Where does taste go to first in the brain?

Answer 50

The NTS, or nucleus of the tractus solitarius

Question 51

Which cranial nerves act as the ganglion cells on taste buds?

Answer 51

The vagus nerve, the glossopharyngeal, the chorda tympani, and the trigeminal nerve

Question 52

What activates umami receptors?

Answer 52

MSG

Question 53

Receptors which are modified skin cells.

Answer 53

Taste receptors

Question 54

The perception of flavor is the combination of which senses?

Answer 54

Taste and smell

Question 55

The axons of taste and smell converge where?

Answer 55

The endopiriform cortex

Question 56

Our sense of hearing is referred to as?

Answer 56

Audition

Question 57

What is our perception of sound actually?

Answer 57

The vibration of air molecules.

Question 58

Periodic compressions of air or other media.

Answer 58

Soundwaves

Question 59

Frequency, or pitch, refers to what quality of a sound wave?

Answer 59

Its speed

Question 60

Word for the amount of sound waves coming into the ear at once.

Answer 60

The complexity, or timbre

Question 61

Where does a sound wave enter?

Answer 61

Via the outer ear

Question 62

Sound waves are amplified by?

Answer 62

The middle ear

Question 63

What does the inner ear do to sound waves?

Answer 63

Transduce it into electrical signals

Question 64

What structure of the outer ear is important in localizing sound, and varies greatly between species?

Answer 64

The pinna

Question 65

What structure of the outer ear functions to funnel to and protect the tympanic membrane?

Answer 65

The ear canal

Question 66

What structure of the outer ear vibrates in response to sound?

Answer 66

The tympanic membrane

Question 67

What separates the middle and inner ear?

Answer 67

The oval window

Question 68

What part of the ear contains the malleus, incus, and stapes?

Answer 68

The middle ear

Question 69

Which parts of the vestibular system are part of the inner ear?

Answer 69

The semicircular canal and the otolith organs

Question 70

A small, snail shaped structure within the inner ear.

Answer 70

The cochlea

Question 71

What auditory receptors lie between the basilar membrane and the tectorial membrane in the cochlea?

Answer 71

Hair cells

Question 72

The ossicles (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) function by?

Answer 72

Amplifying the sound waves to allow them to move through the cochlea.

Question 73

Which hair cells are afferent and contain 1 row?

Answer 73

Inner hair cells

Question 74

What pitch perception theory states that each area along the basilar membrane has hair cells sensitive to only one specific frequency of sound wave?

Answer 74

Place Theory

Question 75

What is the destination for most information from the auditory system?

Answer 75

The primary auditory cortex, area A1