Test 3 Flashcards
(42 cards)
What is a watershed and what are other names for it
Area of land above a point that contributes water that eventaully passes that same point; AKA drainage basin or catchment
What is a drainage divide
high point from which water flows towards a point
What area of the US can water fall and never go to an ocean
the highlands
Where do most of Virginia’s watersheds lead
most go into the Atlantic but some go into the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico
What makes it hard to maintain watershed quality
watersheds don’t follow state or county boundaries so policies are hard to keep the same along with airsheds that covers multiple states
What watershed is WM
College creek of the James river of the Chesapeake bay of the Atlantic Ocean
What are some pollutants of Lake matoaka
Fertilizer, sewage, road run-off from oil and things like heavy metals from airsheds
What are some current problems with the Chesapeake bay
Fishery declines, submerged aquatic vegeatation declines, dissolved oxygen levels
How can we find out when declines in watersheds started
Take a core from the bay and look at O levels and organic material
What is a non-excludable resource
resource that people can’t be stopped from using, even if entrants can be excluded, those with access will overconsume it
What is a rival resource
Use of the resource will make less of the resource available for others
How are fish are tragedy of the commons
Not fishing today will cost me but provide benefits to the group, but someone else will fish in my place.
What is the course of events of a fishery
There are a few fishers and lots of fish thus excellent catch, stocks begin to decline while catches remain relatively constant, stocks seriously decline and effort to catch remains the same but catch declines, stock collapses and fishers leave
What are the warning signs in a fishery
When entry is easy and exit is difficult (vessels can get into the business easily but are to finacially invested to leave) and when ecological conditions are unfavorable (there is a slow growing population so it won’t rebound as fast creating lots of uncertainty in stocks)
What is a TAC
total allowable catch which is when the size of the catch depends on competition and is not pre-assigned
How do time restictions with TACs work
Fishers are given an amount of time they are allowed to catch fish, fishers manage to catch more than managers think, time is resticted, and the root of the problem is not addressed
How do gear restrictions with TACs work
Managers prohibit the use of certain gear like nets sizes and number of crew
How do property rights help oyster fishing
Fishers are given spatial rights over fishing grounds allowing reefs to attach to specific spots and reefs to managed wisely
How do IFQs work
Individual fishing quotas work by dividing the TAC amongst fishers causing fishers to fish at their leisure making them more profitable and benefiting stock but may not be fair or prevent some from fishing
What is anoxia
Lack of oxygen
What is eutrophication
too mcuh nutrients causing excess growth
How does eutrophication work
Plants produce CO2 and H2O which is converted by the sun into CH2O and O2 allow algae growth which whne dead takes in O killing fish
Looking at pollen cores what did Cooper and Brush find
There was a rise in Ragweek in the 1760s which coincides with a decrease in oak likely due to cutting down oak to build
How did Cooper and Brush calculate age of layers
used dated sediment and compared them discovering that around the 1800s the sedimentation rate rose by 5x
