test 3

Question 1

What is the challenge of environmental health policy?

Answer 1

Achieving the level of economic development needed to meet human needs and aspirations while simultaneously protecting the environment that sustains life

Question 2

What are the complimentary goals for currect and future development regarding sustainable development?

Answer 2

Environmental protection, economic prosperity, and social justice

Question 3

Why is there policy gridlock?

Answer 3

Disagreements among stakeholders and policymakers on how to balance environmental protection, economic prosperity, and social justice

Question 4

Why do we turn to government for environmental threats?

Answer 4

• Environmental threats represent public goods that cannot be solved through private action alone
• Market failures or imperfections (inadequate info, lack of competitiveness, externalities)
• public pressure for actions
• resources needed to prevent / mitigate problems

Question 5

What is Tragedy of the Commons?

Answer 5

Overuse of a common resource to a point of depletion

Question 6

What is a positive (beneficial) externality?

Answer 6

If third parties benefit substanially, then the good may be underprovided or underconsumed
ex. beekeeper keeps bees to sell honey

Question 7

What is a negative (harmful) externality?

Answer 7

If costs to third parties exceed costs to the individual making the choice then the good may be over provided or overconsumed

Question 8

How do we correct externalities?

Answer 8

Most efficient means for correcting externalities is to interalize the cost through government intervention or non-government approaches assuming people will act “rationally” and solve with problem internally

Question 9

What is environmental policy?

Answer 9

Environmental policy is a diversity of government actions that affect or attempt to affect environmental quality or the use of natural resources

Question 10

What are the three generations of environmental problems?

Answer 10

1st Generation: air and water pollution
2nd: toxic chemicals and hazardous waste
3rd: global climate change and loss of biodiversity

Question 11

What is the policy cycle model?

Answer 11

Proposes a logical sequence of activities that affects the development of public policy
- simplicity, clarity, and flexibility

Question 12

What are the six distinct stages of the policy cycle model?

Answer 12

1. Agenda setting (activities that bring environmental problems to the attention of public and political leaders)
2. Policy formulation (development of proposed courses of action to resolve an environmental problem)
3. Policy Legitimation (justification and legal force)
4. Policy Implementation (puts program into effect)
5. Policy and program evaluation (judge the merit)
6. Policy change (if outcomes are not satisfactory, environmental policies may be revised or terminated)

Question 13

What is a legal remedy?

Answer 13

Remedies are the requirements and procedures to repair injury, collect and distribute compensation, and deter wrongs

Question 14

What is the tort system legal remedy?

Answer 14

A citizen can demand that an individual or a firm compensate for losses suffered (Claimants)
ex. toxic exposure, negligent behavior lawsuits (primary) , monetary relief, equitable relief
Most difficult issue is to prove causation (general to specific)

Question 15

What is statutory relief legal remedy?

Answer 15

Congress and state legislature have enacted specific statutes to compensate people who have been harmed
ex. No-fault programs for worker compensation, compensation funds

Question 16

What are the criticisms of the tort system? Why does it survive?

Answer 16

The tort system is ineffective, overcompensates / undercompensates victims, it is arbitrary and slow
- it stays because legislative interia and the underlying theory that torts promote deterrence and corrective justice

Question 17

What is the hierarchy of controls?

Answer 17

a comprehensive approach to prevention in the workplace
1. Elimination of a source
2. Substitution of agents
3. Engineering controls
4. Administrative controls
5. PPE
6. Medical monitoring and treatment

Question 18

What are the interactions between chemicals and chemical protective chlothing?

Answer 18

Penetration, Degredation, and Permeation (like dissolves like)

Question 19

What controls the movement of molecules through polymers

Answer 19

Molecular interactions (dispersion, polar, hygrogen bond), like dissolves like

Question 20

What are substitutions (hierarchy of control)?

Answer 20

It is the second step of hierarcy of control
To use safer chemicals, products, processes, or activities to elimate the hazard from the workplace

Question 21

What are engineering controls and what step is it on the hierarchy of control?

Answer 21

Third step
To use equipment that reduces or control expsoure in and around work areas (part of isolation) including ventilation

Question 22

Whatre are administrative controls (hierarcy of control)?

Answer 22

Fourth step
Change the way that workers do their job in order to reduce or elimate exposures to hazards

Question 23

What is personal protective equipment (hierarchy of control)?

Answer 23

Fifth step
Enforce the use of equipment including respirators, hard hats, face and eye protection, hearing protection, gloves, and protective clothing that reduces exposure to the hazard

Question 24

What is pollution prevention?

Answer 24

Defined by 1990 Pollution prevention act: Pollution should be prevented or reduced at the source whenever feasible, pollution that cannot be prevented should be treated, and disposal into the environment should be a last resort

Question 25

How many principles of sustainable development are there? What is the main principle?

Answer 25

There are 27 principles, most important being "Human beings are at the center of concerns for sustainable development. They are entitled to a healthy productive life in harmony with nature"

Question 26

What is the precautionary principle?

Answer 26

Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degredation

Question 27

What is principle of intergenerational equity?

Answer 27

The right to development must be fulfilled so as equitability meet developmental and environmental needs of present and future generations

Question 28

What is the principle of integrated decision making?

Answer 28

In order to acheive sustainable development, environmental protection shall constitute an integral part of the developments process and cannot be considered in isolation from it

Question 29

What are the limitations of environmental health policy development?

Answer 29

1. Risk characterization uncertainties 2. Trade-offs (risk-risk trade off of disinfection with chlorine) 3. Lots of stakeholders 4. Proving harm will happen without implementation of preventative policies

Question 30

What are engineering controls and what step is it on the hierarchy of control?

Answer 30

Third step To use equipment that reduces or control expsoure in and around work areas (part of isolation) including ventilation

Question 31

What are the four types of control in industrial hygiene?

Answer 31

1. Anticipation: proactive estimation of health and safety concerns that are associated with a given occupational setting 2. Recognition: identification of potential and actual hazards in a workplace through direct inspection (walk-through) 3. Evaluation: includes measuring exposures through visual or intrumental monitoring of a site 4. Control: Reduction of risk to health and safety through administrative or engineering measures

Question 32

What are the major sources of CO emissions in most areas? What is being done to reduce this?

Answer 32

Cars The use of catalytic converts reduce emissions by converting CO to CO2 Installation of CO detectors and public education campaigns focusing on safe operation of gas-powered equipment

Question 33

What has waterborne disease outbreak been linked to in North America?

Answer 33

Heavy rainfall and resultant flooding Ex. walkerton: it flooded and then E. coli was found in drinking water samples

Question 34

What is the global burden of disease?

Answer 34

The burden is quantified in terms of both morality and morbidity to express years lost through both premature death and severity of disease

Question 35

Why is chlorine not the best way to treat water?

Answer 35

A number of microbes are capable of surviving "safe" chlorination levels typically maintained in drinking water Created disinfection by-products including chloroform and trichloroacetic acid

Question 36

What are the 4 provisions of the law that define the national approach to hazardous waste sites?

Answer 36

1. Systematically identify sites 2. Provide potential remedial cleanup 3. Implement a "polluter pays" principle 4. Incorporate community input into the process of identifying and remediating sites

Question 37

What are the three general types of no fault programs?

Answer 37

1. Workers' compensation 2. Partial-fault programs 3. Compensations funds