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Social Psychology > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

How does the presence of others have an effect on performance?

A

It an enhance or impair

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2
Q

What is social facilitation?

A

the tendency for people to do better on simple tasks, but worse on complex task when they are in the presence of others and their individual performance can be evaluated

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3
Q

What is Zajonc Drive Theory of social facilitation?

A

others presence = arousal = strengthens dominant responses = enhancing easy behavior AND/OR impairing difficult behavior

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4
Q

Why does the presence of others elicit arousal according to Zajonc?

A

evaluation apprehension, mere presence, distraction-conflict

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5
Q

What is social loafing?

A

the reduction in motivation and effort when individuals work collectively compared with when they work individually or coactively

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6
Q

What are the two options that can occur in the presence of others?

A

Social facilitation or social loafing

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7
Q

why does social loafing occur?

A

reduced arousal, reduced evaluation apprehension, dispensability of effort, justice/fairness concerns (effort matching)

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8
Q

What are the variables that distinguish between social loafing and facilitation?

A

evaluation, arousal, and the complexity of the task

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9
Q

What is deindividuation?

A

the loosening of normal constraints on behavior when people are in a group

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10
Q

What does deindividuation lead to?

A

an increase in impulsive and deviant acts

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11
Q

What are the contributors to deindividuation?

A

large group size, physical anonymity, arousal/distracting activities

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12
Q

What is group polarization?

A

the tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclinations of their members

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13
Q

Why does group polarization occur?

A

social comparison, persuasive arguments

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14
Q

What is groupthink?

A

a kind of thinking in which maintaining group cohesiveness and solidarity is more important than considering the facts in a realistic manner

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15
Q

What are the antecedents of groupthink?

A

the group is highly cohesive, group isolation, a directive leader, high stress, poor decision making procedures

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16
Q

What are the symptoms of groupthink?

A

illusion of invulnerability, belief in moral correctness of group, stereotyped views of outgroup, self-censorship, direct pressure on dissenters to conform, illusion of unanimity, mind guards

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17
Q

what are 3 ways to prevent groupthink?

A

be impartial, seek outside opinions, encourage critical evaluation

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18
Q

Why do we form relationships?

A

we are social animals

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19
Q

What is the need to belong?

A

a drive to form and maintain stable, positive intrapersonal relationships

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20
Q

What needs do relationships meet?

A

intimacy, social integration, being nurturant, reassurance of self-worth, assistance

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21
Q

What are the factors that affect attraction?

A

proximity, similarity, reciprocity, physical attractiveness

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22
Q

How does proximity affect attraction?

A

interaction and familiarity

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23
Q

what is functional distance?

A

coming into contact or crossing paths more often

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24
Q

How does similarity affect attraction?

A

we tend to be attracted to others who are like us, share interests, background, attitudes, and values
Important because validation, ideals, rewarding

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25
How does reciprocity affect attraction?
can depend on: perceived motives, self-esteem, whether we are gaining esteem/liking
26
how does physical attraction affect attraction?
We associate attractiveness with positive characteristics
27
What is the matching phenomenon?
the tendency for men and women to choose partners who are a good match to themselves in attractiveness
28
What is companionate love?
the feelings of intimacy and affective we feel toward someone with whom are lives are deeply intertwined
29
what is passionate love?
the feelings of intense belonging, accompanied by physiological arousal, we feel for another person
30
What are the 3 conditions in the 3 factor model of passionate love by Hatfield and Walster?
appropriate potential lover, physiological arousal that you believe is a reaction to your lover, an understanding and acceptance of the concept of passionate love
31
What factors lead to the establishment of a relationship?
Self disclosures
32
What is self-disclosure?
purposeful sharing of personal information about oneself
33
What does the Social Penetration Theory by Altman and Taylor say?
argues that relationships develop as a result of gradual increases in the depth and breadth of self-disclosures
34
How are self-disclosure and likeability related?
People who disclosure intimately are more likeable than those who disclose not so intimately People disclose to those who they initially like People like others as a result of their own disclosures
35
What are the 3 theories of relationship satisfaction?
Reward model Social exchange theory (investment theory) Equity theory
36
What is the reward model?
focus on the rewards and costs that individuals experience from a relationship
37
What is the Social exchange theory?
How people feel about a relationship depends on their perception of the rewards and costs, the kind of relationship they deserve, and the probability of having a better relationship with someone else
38
What is a comparison level in the social exchange theory?
peoples expectations about the levels of rewards and costs that they deserve in a relationship Predicts satisfaction
39
What is a comparison level for alternatives in the social exchange theory?
peoples expectations about the level of rewards and costs they would receive in an alternative relationship Predicts commitment
40
What is the investment theory?
the theory that peoples commitment to a relationship depends on their satisfaction with their relationship in terms of rewards, costs, comparison levels, and how much they have invested
41
What is the equity theory?
the theory that individuals' satisfaction is guided by perceptions of whether the inputs and outputs of each person in the relationship are balanced
42
What is prosocial behavior?
Any act performed with the goal of benefitting another person
43
What are the two general motives for prosocial behavior?
Self-interest: helping to get something Altruism: desire to help others, even if it involves cost to the helper
44
What are the theories for prosocial behavior?
Evolutionary perspectives Social norms Social exchange theory Empathy
45
What is the evolutionary perspectives of prosocial behavior?
altruistic acts should only be favored by natural selection if they provide a survival or reproductive advantage Behaviors directed to genetic relatives increase the likelihood of passing on genes
46
What are the social norms for prosocial behavior?
every culture has social norms that argue we should help people whenever possible Reciprocity principle Social responsibility norm Just-World beliefs
47
What does the social exchange theory say about prosocial behavior?
the likelihood and extent of prosocial behavior depends on a consideration of the rewards and costs of helping Engage in helping when rewards outweigh costs
48
What is the Empathy-Altruism hypothesis?
When we feel empathy for another person, we will help purely for altruistic reasons, regardless of what we have to gain
49
What is empathy?
the ability to experience events and emotions the way another person experiences them
50
What are some personal factors that influence prosocial behavior?
Altruistic personality, gender, socioeconomic class, collectivism vs, individualism, religiosity, mood
51
What are some situational factors that influence prosocial behavior?
Location Residential stability Presence of others
52
What is the bystander effect?
the greater the number of bystanders who witness an emergency, the less likely it is that any of them will help
53
What are some methods that will increase prosocial behavior?
Education Rewards Modeling Media exposure
54
What is aggression?
Intentional behavior aimed at causing either physical or psychological pain
55
What are the forms of aggression?
Direct, Indirect, Active, Passive, Hostile/Reactive, Proactive/Instrumental
56
What is direct aggression?
expressed in face to face interactions, perpetrator easily identifiable
57
What is indirect aggression?
expressed in a roundabout way, perpetrator difficult to identify
58
What is active aggression?
actively engaging in or enacting harmful behavior
59
What is passive aggression?
causing harm through the absence or withholding of a reason
60
What is hostile/reactive aggression?
impulsive, unplanned, driven by anger; primary goal is to cause harm
61
What is proactive/instrumental aggression?
premeditated, planned; primary goal is something other than harm
62
What are the theories of the causes of aggression?
Evolutionary approach Frustration-Aggression Theory Cognitive neoassociationalist Model Learning theories
63
What is the evolutionary approach to the causes of aggression?
Aggressive behavior provide a survival and reproductive advantage Evident in other animals as well as humans
64
What is the frustration-aggression theory?
the theory that frustration will increase the probability of an aggressive response
65
What are aggression cues?
ex. weapons tend to increase levels of aggression
66
How do learning theories explain aggression?
we can learn to act aggressively as a result of: the reactions to our behavior observing others
67
What are some personal factors that can influence aggression?
Personality Hormones Consumption of alcohol Gender
68
What are some situational factors that can influence aggression?
Aversive stimulation Feelings of deprivation Cultural values Violent media
69
What are some effective ways to decreasing aggression?
Active enabling Communication Modeling Fostering empathy
70
What are some ineffective ways to decreasing aggression?
Extreme punishment Catharsis

Social Psychology (2 decks)

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