Test 3- 14~19 Flashcards
(90 cards)
- A boy’s first ejaculation of sperm.
–Erections can occur as early as infancy, but ejaculation signals sperm production.
Spermarche
•The time between the first onrush of hormones and full adult physical development.
•Usually lasts three to five years.
–Many more years are required to achieve psychosocial maturity.
Puberty
•Adrenal glands-Two glands, located above the kidneys
–produce hormones, including the “stress hormones” epinephrine (adrenaline) & norepinephrine
HPA (hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal) axis- A sequence of hormone production
–originates in the hypothalamus, moving to the pituitary and then to the adrenal glands.
- The paired sex glands (ovaries in females, testicles in males)
–produce hormones and gametes
Gonads
T/F About 2/3 of the variation in age of puberty is genetic
True
What is leptin?
- A hormone that affects appetite and is believed to affect the onset of puberty.
- Levels increase during adulthood and peak at around age 12
Compared to 100 years ago, adolescent sexual development is more hazardous, for five reasons:
- Earlier puberty and weaker social taboos mean teens have sexual experiences at younger ages. Early sex correlates with depression and drug abuse.
- Most contemporary teenage mothers have no husbands to help them, whereas many teenage mothers a century ago were married.
- Raising a child has become more complex and expensive.
- Mothers of teenagers are often employed and therefore less available as caregivers for their teenager’s child.
- Sexually transmitted infections are more widespread and dangerous.
Several aspects of adolescent brain development are positive
- increased mylenation, which decreases reaction time
- enhanced dopamine activity, promoting pleasurable experiences
- synaptic growth enhances moral development and openness to new experiences and ideas
An aspect of adolescent thinking that leads young people (ages 10 to 14) to focus on themselves to the exclusion of others.
Adolescent egocentrism
–An adolescent’s belief that his or her thoughts, feelings, or experiences are unique, more wonderful or awful than anyone else’s.
Personal fable
•The other people who, in an adolescent’s egocentric belief, are watching and taking note of his or her appearance, ideas, and behavior.
–This belief makes many teenagers self-conscious
Imaginary audience
–Reasoning from a general statement, premise, or principle, through logical steps, to figure out (deduce) specifics.
Deductive reasoning (top-down reasoning
–Reasoning from one or more specific experiences or facts to a general conclusion; may be less cognitively advanced than deduction.
•Inductive reasoning (bottom-up reasoning)
–Erikson’s term for the fifth stage of development, in which the person tries to figure out “Who am I?” but is confused as to which of many possible roles to adopt.
•Identity versus role confusion
–Erikson’s term for the attainment of identity, the point at which a person understands who he or she is as a unique individual, in accord with past experiences and future plans.
•Identity achievement
Not Yet Achieved
•Role confusion (identity diffusion)
–A situation in which an adolescent does not seem to know or care what his or her identity is.
Erikson’s term for premature identity formation, which occurs when an adolescent adopts parents’ or society’s roles and values wholesale, without questioning or analysis.
(Not yet achieved)
-Foreclosure
–An adolescent’s choice of a socially acceptable way to postpone making identity-achievement decisions. Going to college is a common example.
•Moratorium
Also not yet achieved
Four Aspects of Closeness:
–Communication: Do parents and teens talk openly with one another?
–Support: Do they rely on one another?
–Connectedness: How emotionally close are they?
–Control: Do parents encourage or limit adolescent autonomy?
Closeness Within the Family
Closeness within family
Destructive peer support in which one person shows another how to rebel against authority or social norms.
Deviancy training
•Peer pressure
–Encouragement to conform to one’s friends or contemporaries in behavior, dress, and attitude; usually considered a negative force, as when adolescent peers encourage one another to defy adult authority.
The ability to ward off disease caused by microbes or environmental agent
Immunity (resistance)
The last part of the Adolescent body to be fully formed
The torso
Primary sex characteristics
Not: facial hair, breast development, or lowering of voice
Primary sex characteristic = maturation of the testes
