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BIO 181 > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the main aspects of binomial nomenclature?

A

A Species name is Genus + species, Genus is capitalized and the entire name is italicized, higher taxonomic names are capitalized but not italicized

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2
Q

Define Taxon

A

The taxon is a group of any rank (which could include domain, kingdom, phylum, class, etc.)

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3
Q

Define Taxa

A

Taxa is plural for taxon. It is ideal to have the taxa be monophyletic (A common ancestor and all of its descendants)

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4
Q

What are the 9 taxonomic categories?

A

Life, Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
(King Philip Calls Out For Good Soup)

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5
Q

Define Phylogeny

A

Evolutionary history and relationship of organism or group of organisms.

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6
Q

What are Cladograms?

A

a tree/diagram where the data you have (DNA, embryological development, physiology, etc.) is used to display evolutionary relationships among the organisms in the tree

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7
Q

Organisms are grouped based on ________?

A

shared characteristics (synapomorphies)

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8
Q

What are synapomorphies?

A

something that has evolved recently (something new). This includes shape, size, structure, features, traits, characteristics that are newly derived.

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9
Q

What kind of data can be used to group organisms

A

Fossil records
Morphology
Physiology
Behavior
Embryological development
DNA/RNA sequences
Etc.

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10
Q

What is a clade?

A

a group of evolutionary ancestors and are descendants of a common ancestor. It is a group of organisms, or taxa, that are related.

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11
Q

What is a sister clade?

A

share an immediate common ancestor, and are next to each other, but something is different. They are each other’s closest relatives.

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12
Q

What are nodes in a cladogram and what do they indicate?

A

The splits in branches & they indicate a division of one lineage into two.

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13
Q

How can you tell which species is in the outgroup?

A

It has the least amount of nodes leading to it.

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14
Q

What are phylogenetic trees?

A

Cladograms with a few added bells and whistles. Branches on a PT can be proportional to amount of change or evolutionary time.

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15
Q

Phylogenetic trees are based on _______?

A

homology (traits inherited by two different organisms from a common ancestor)

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16
Q

What is homology?

A

traits inherited by two different organisms from a common ancestor (think homo means same)

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17
Q

What is an ancestral trait?

A

([sym]plesiomorphy)- In ancestor of group; may be retained or changed in descendants.

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18
Q

What is a derived trait?

A

([syn]apomorphy)- Differs from ancestral form; evolutionary novelty.

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19
Q

Phylogenetic trees are NOT based on ________?

A

homoplasies, features shared between species that were not inherited from a common ancestor; usually due to similar selection pressures / environment

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20
Q

How do you determine if a trait is ancestral or derived?

A

Look at the taxon! At some point the trait will be derived but ancestral after that point.

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21
Q

What is the principle of parsimony?

A

The preferred explanation of observed data is the simplest explanation. (Tree that requires the fewest number of evolutionary changes is favored)

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22
Q

What is a monophyletic group?

A

the group includes the common ancestor and all of its descendants (Considered the “best tree”)
d e g h
V V
c f
V
b

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23
Q

What is a polyphyletic tree?

A

a grouping that includes the descendants but not the common ancestor (Ex. Bats and birds: both have wings, but they have evolved separately)
d E G h
V V
c f
V
b
(E and G in this tree)

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24
Q

What is a paraphyletic tree?

A

a grouping that includes the common ancestor but not all of the descendants
d e G H
V V
c F
V
B
(B,F,G,H on this tree)

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25
What can phylogenetic trees show us?
Patterns of descent
26
What can't phylogenetic trees show us?
when species evolved, how much genetic change occurred, and Don't assume that taxon evolved from taxa next to it
27
What are the 5 characteristics used to classify organisms?
Life cycles Extraembryonic membranes Excretory product Temperature regulation Skull types (STEEL)
28
What is a Haploid?
one set of chromosomes
29
What is a Diploid?
two sets of chromosomes
30
What is a gamete
sex cells (haploid)
31
What is a gametophyte
gamete-producing structure
32
what is Meiosis?
Cell division process; yields haploid gametes or spores
33
What is Mitosis?
Cell division process; yields identical cells
34
Describe an animal life cycle
Two gametes (n) come together through fertilization to make a zygote (2n). The zygote will grow and eventually produce gametes through meiosis.
35
Describe the life cycle for most fungi and some algae
A developed gamete will go through fertilization with another gamete to make a zygote which will undergo meiosis to produce more gametes.
36
Describe the plant life cycle and what is its name?
-Alternation of generations, This is because plants go between two phases, or stages, called generations and it alternates within one life cycle. (Gametophyte and Sporophyte) -When the gametes, the ovule (n) and pollen (n), come together, fertilization occurs. This will then lead to the formation of the zygote (2n = 2 sets of chromosomes). The zygote will continue to grow. After it goes through meiosis, there will be spores produced by the plant. These spores will go through mitosis again and will continue to grow. Once they reach a certain level of development, they will become gametes.
37
What are amniotes?
Reptiles, birds, mammals are amniotes, and have amniotic fluid. An egg that does not have water around it will dessicate and so this trait would have been selected for. -Reptiles and Birds have a shelled egg with fluid inside -Marsupials have a pouch where their offspring completes their fetal development
38
What are some examples of non-amniotes and explain
Eggs of fish and amphibians are laid in water. These eggs most likely do not have the selection of having its own capsule filled with water due to how it would already be surrounded by water. If the egg were not in water, they would most likely desiccate (or dry out). -Non-amniotes do not have amniotic fluid because this was probably not selected for due to the eggs being surrounded by water
39
What are the 4 extraembryonic membranes that amniotes use?
Amnion, yolk sac, chorion, and allantois
40
What is an amnion?
protects the embryo in a sac filled with amniotic fluid.
41
What does the yolk sac do?
contains yolk — the sole source of food until hatching. Yolk is a mixture of proteins and lipoproteins.
42
What does the chorion do?
lines the inner surface of the shell (which is permeable to gases) and participates in the exchange of O2 and CO2 between the embryo and the outside air.
43
What does the allantois do?
stores metabolic wastes (chiefly uric acid) of the embryo and, as it grows larger, also participates in gas exchange.
44
What are the 3 excretory products?
Ammonia, Urea, and uric acid
45
What do animals use to create excretory products?
Amino groups
46
What excretory product do aquatic animals produce?
Ammonia
47
What excretory product do mammals produce?
Urea, (You can think about how urine has three main components with one of them being urea)
48
What excretory products do birds, insects, and many reptiles make?
Uric Acid
49
Define Endotherm
An animal that produces it's own heat
50
Define Ectotherm
An animal that rely on heat from their environment
51
Define Homeotherm
An animal that keeps their body temperature constant
52
Define Heterotherm
An animal that allows their body temperature to fluctuate
53
Define an Anapsid Skull and who has this type of skull
no temporal fenestrae (no arch) and turtles
54
Define a Synapsis skull and who has this type of skull?
one temporal fenestrae (has arch) and mammals
55
Define diapsid skull and who has this type of skull?
2 temporal fenestrae (two arches) and birds & reptiles
56
What is the three domain system?
All organisms are split between Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya (ABE; Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya)
57
What makes up prokaryotes?
Bacteria and Archaea
58
What are the kingdoms of Eukarya?
Protists, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia
59
What are three characteristics of protists?
They are the most diverse eukaryotes, they are mostly unicellular and aquatic, and are 10 times larger than bacteria
60
What is Endosymbiosis
The idea that unicellular organisms engulfed other cells, which became organelles like chloroplasts and mitochondria
61
What is a plastid?
Any of a class of small organelles, such as chloroplasts, in the cytoplasm of plant cells, containing pigment or food.
62
How are protists classified?
by nutrition and mobility
63
What are the two main types of protist feeding?
Ingestive and Absorptive
64
What is Ingestive feeding
where protists can eat live or dead organisms and scavenge for any loose organic debris. Another word for ingestive feeding is phagocytosis.
65
What is absorptive feeding?
when protists take in nutrients directly from the environment. The body is permeable and does not have to actively eat.
66
What type of locomotion do paramecium use and how does it work?
Cilia, the hair-like structures on the surface of the cell’s membrane are used to propel the paramecium through water.
67
What type of locomotion do amoeba use and how does it work?
Pseudopods are another form of locomotion demonstrated by amoeba. An amoeba will propel itself through its environment by extending parts of its body to form little fake arms and legs to anchor themselves and pull themselves forward.
68
What kind of locomotion does Euglena?
The flagellum is a type of locomotion utilized by the photosynthetic protist euglena and is a small whip-like tail which spins propelling the protist through the water.
69
What are the two growth forms of fungi
Single celled (yeast) and multicellular, filamentous structures
70
What are the different roles that fungi play?
decomposers (absorb nutrients from nonliving things, parasites (absorb nutrients from living hosts' cells), some are pathogenic, and some are mutualistic symbionts (absorb nutrients from a host organism, but reciprocate with something beneficial
71
What are hyphae?
the strands that make up fungi
72
What is a haustoria?
appendages of a parasitic fungus that penetrates the host plant’s tissue and takes back nutrients into the hypha.
73
What are Mycorrhizal fungi?
fungi that are in a symbiotic relationship with roots and seeds of plants
74
What are the 2 types of fungi symbiosis
mycorrhizal (plant) and fungal-animal (think leaf-cutting ants and termites)
75
What are the 5 main groups of fungi
Chytrids (Chytridiomycota), Zygote fungi (Zygomycota), Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (Glomeromycota), Sac Fungi (Ascomycota), and club fungi (Basidiomycota)
76
What are some facts about Chytridiomycota?
They are commonly in freshwater, produce enzymes important for digestion of plant tissue, can live in the guts of herbivores, use zoospores to make spores
77
What are some facts about Zygomycota?
Live in the soil and wet environments, common bread and fruit molds, can be decomposers, parasites, and mutualists, can form zygospores that are resistant to harsh conditions, and can form mycorrhizal associations
78
What are some facts about Glomeromycota?
Mycorrhizal fungi, 90% of plants have relationships with these fungi
79
What are some facts about Ascomycota?
70% of fungi belong to Ascomycota, includes yeast, truffles, and penicillium, some are mycorrhizal, can form lichen, and can cause disease
80
What are some facts about Basidiomycota?
typical mushroom species, can form lichen and mutualistic relationships with insects, are some molds
81
What are bryophytes?
a nonvascular plant that lives close to the water (first land plants) (moss)
82
What are Pteridophytes?
seedless plants: have vascular tissue but do not make seeds (ferns)
83
What are Spermatophytes?
seed plants that have vascular tissue and make seeds
84
What are gymnosperms?
seed plants that have vascular tissue and make seeds but the seeds are naked/have no special outer covering. (cycads, ginkgoes, and conifers (pine trees)).
85
What are Angiosperms?
plants that have vascularization, seed-bearing, and have flowers.
86
What are the traits of the basic body plan?
1. Number of tissue types in embryos 2. Type of body symmetry 3. Degree of cephalization 4. Presence or absence of a fluid-filled cavity 5. The way early development proceeds (C T BuF Ed(dy)) (Go see T-Buff Eddy)
87
What does the derivation of tissue mean for the animal phylogenetic tree?
Porifera (like sponges) did not develop different cell types (not organized into tissues)
88
What is a diploblast?
an animal that has "two sprouts"/germ layers. Those being Ectoderm and Endoderm (think outside skin and indoor layer) (example is Cnidaria and Ctenophora, which includes jellyfish)
89
What is a triploblast?
an animal that has 3 germ layers. The Ectoderm (outer layer), Mesoderm (between the two), and Endoderm (inside layer).
90
almost all triploblasts are what?
bilateral (left and right sides are similar)
91
What are Echinoderms?
a phylum of marine animals known for their radial symmetry (starfish)
92
What is a coelom?
a fluid-filled space separating digestive tracts from the outer body wall. (only found in triploblasts.
93
What is a protostome?
the mouth develops first (arthropods)
94
What is a deuterostome?
anus develops first (examples, phylum: Chordata, echinoderms)
95
What are some characteristics of Chordata?
-A Notochord (a cartilaginous, rod-like forming) -a hollow nerve cord (think spinal cord) -vertebrates
96
Compare the following monophyletic, paraphyletic, and polyphyletic taxonomic groups. Give definitions, examples, and draw each of the phylogenetic trees).
Monophyletic trees are trees that include the most recent common ancestor and all of its descendants. An example of this could be the phylogeny of animal tree. It shows the common ancestor of Choanoflagellate and all of its descendants. A Polyphyletic tree does not include the common ancestor for two organisms. An example of this would be a tree showing how mammals and birds are related but not showing the common ancestor that they are connected by. A paraphyletic tree includes the most recent common ancestor but not all of its descendants. An example of this would be having a tree of all eukaryotes but leaving out fungi.
97
Discuss fungal symbiotic relationships with three completely different organisms. In your answer, be sure to name the fungus and the organism, state the type of symbiotic relationship, and describe what happens and how it happens – who benefits, who does not, etc.
Fungus and organism 1: Mychorrizae Type of Symbosis 1: Mutualism - The mychorrizae and the plant benefits Description 1: The mychorrizae grows near the roots of plants and help with sending water and nutrients to the plants while receiving carbohydrates from the plants. They help improve the life of the plants by making it easier to receive nutrients and water. Fungus and a different organism than example 1: Lichen Type of Symbiosis: Mutualism - The fungi and hyphae benefit Description of 2: The fungi and hyphae (sometimes cyanobacteria) come together to form lichen which is able to grow anywhere and live on any surface. Fungus and a different organism than example 1 or 2: Fungi-Animal Symbiosis Type of symbiosis 3: Mutualism Description 3: Helps animals such as termites to be able to eat and digest their food easier.
98
Explain the water to land transition in plants with respect to challenges overcome related to water requirements for fertilization and vascular tissue. Use bryophytes, pteridophytes (e.g., ferns), gymnosperms, and angiosperms in your answer, and be sure to describe the water issues and name the types of vascularization. Complete your answer with one specific challenge faced and overcome by animals during their water to land transition.
First Bryophytes were the first land plants. They had no vascular tissue to conduct water and provide support. This is why an example of bryophytes is moss. Next, there were Pteridophytes these plants do have vascular tissue but do not make seeds. An example of these plants is ferns. Next were Gymnosperms, these plants have vascular tissue and make seeds but the seeds are "naked" and have no special covering. Finally, there are angiosperms. These plants evolved to have flowers and seeds. One challenge faced by animals when transitioning from water to land was eggs drying out. When eggs are in water they can take in water from the surrounding body of water. However, when on land there is no source of water to take from. This meant that land animals needed to develop shells and amniotic fluid in the egg.

BIO 181 (4 decks)

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