Test 3

Question 1

the finding that the more we see and interact with people, the more likely they are to become our friends

Answer 1

Propinquity effect

Question 2

the finding that the more exposure we have to a stimulus, the more apt we are to like it

Answer 2

Mere exposure effect

Question 3

the idea that peoples feelings about a relationship depend on perceptions of rewards and costs, the kind of relationship they deserve, and their chances for having a better relationship with someone else

Answer 3

Social exchange theory

Question 4

the idea that people are happiest with relationships in which rewards and costs experienced and both parties contributions are roughly equal

Answer 4

Equity theory

Question 5

the intimacy and affection we feel when we care deeply for a person but do not experience passion or arousal in the persons presence

Answer 5

Companionate love

Question 6

an intense longing we feel for a person, accompanied by physiological arousal; when our love is reciprocated, we feel great fulfillment and ecstacy, but when it is not, we feel sadness and despair

Answer 6

Passionate love

Question 7

a theory derived from evolutionary biology that holds that men and women are attracted to different characteristics in each other because this maximizes their chances of reproductive success (men attracted to women’s appearance, women attracted by men’s resources)

Answer 7

Evolutionary approach to love

Question 8

the expectations people develop about relationships with others, based on the relationship they had with their caregiver when they were infants

Answer 8

Attachment styles

Question 9

an attachment style characterized by a lack of concern with being abandoned, and the view that one is worthy and well liked

Answer 9

Secure attachment style

Question 10

an attachment style characterized by a suppression of attachment needs, because attempts to be intimate have been rebuffed; people with this style find it difficult to develop intimate relationships

Answer 10

Avoidant attachment style

Question 11

an attachment style characterized by a concern that others will not reciprocate ones desire for intimacy, resulting in higher-than-average levels of anxiety

Answer 11

anxious/ambivalent attachment style

Question 12

relationships governed by the need for equity (for an equal ratio of rewards and costs)

Answer 12

Exchange relationships

Question 13

relationships in which peoples primary concern is being responsive to the other persons needs

Answer 13

Communal relationships

Question 14

any act performed with the goal of benefiting another person
may be for selfish reasons

Answer 14

Prosocial behavior

Question 15

the desire to help another person even if it involves a cost to the helper
not for selfish reasons

Answer 15

Altruism

Question 16

the idea that behaviors that help a genetic relative are favored by natural selection

Answer 16

Kin selection

Question 17

the expectation that helping others will increase the likelihood that they help us in the future

Answer 17

Norm of reciprocity

Question 18

the ability to put oneself in the shoes of another person and to experience events and emotions the way the person experiences them

Answer 18

Empathy

Question 19

the idea that when we feel empathy for a person, we will attempt to help that person purely for altruistic reasons, regardless of what we have to gain

Answer 19

Empathy-altruism hypothesis

Question 20

personality trait making it more likely that an individual will help others in a variety of situations

Answer 20

Altruistic personality

Question 21

any group with which an individual identifies

Answer 21

in-group

Question 22

any group with which an individual does not identify

Answer 22

Out group

Question 23

the idea that people help in order to alleviate their own sadness and distress

Answer 23

Negative-state relief hypothesis

Question 24

the theory that people living in cities are constantly being bombarded with stimulation and that they keep to themselves to avoid being overwhelmed by it

Answer 24

Urban overload hypothesis

Question 25

the phenomenon whereby each bystanders sense of responsibility to help decreases as the number of witnesses increases

Answer 25

Diffusion of responsibility

Question 26

intentional behavior aimed at doing harm or causing pain to another person

Answer 26

Aggression

Question 27

aggression as a means to some goal other than causing pain | not benevolent

Answer 27

Instrumental aggression

Question 28

aggression stemming from feelings of anger and aimed at inflicting pain

Answer 28

Hostile aggression

Question 29

the idea that frustration, the perception that you are being prevented from attaining a goal, increases the probability of an aggressive response

Answer 29

Frustration-aggression theory

Question 30

an object that is associated with aggressive responses and whose mere presence can increase the probability of aggression

Answer 30

Aggressive stimulus

Question 31

the idea that we learn social behavior by observing others and imitating them

Answer 31

Social learning theory

Question 32

ways of behaving socially that we learn implicitly from our culture

Answer 32

Scripts

Question 33

the notion that ‘blowing off steam’ by performing an aggressive act, watching others engage in aggressive behaviors, or engaging in a fantasy of aggression, relieves pent up aggressive energies and hence reduces the likelihood of further aggressive behavior

Answer 33

Catharsis

Question 34

prejudice attitude representing both the type of emotion linked with the attitude (anger, warmth) and the extremity of the attitude (mild uneasiness, hostility) | component

Answer 34

Affective or emotional component

Question 35

prejudice attitude involving the beliefs or thoughts that make up the attitude | component

Answer 35

Cognitive component

Question 36

prejudice attitude relating to ones actions- people dont simply hold attitudes; they usually act on them as well | component

Answer 36

Behavioral component

Question 37

a hostile or negative attitude toward people in a distinguishable group, based solely on their membership of that group

Answer 37

Prejudice

Question 38

a generalization about a group of people in which identical characteristics are assigned to virtually all members of the group, regardless of actual variation among the members

Answer 38

Stereotype

Question 39

an unjustified negative or harmful action toward the members of a group simply because of their membership in that group

Answer 39

Discrimination

Question 40

Positive feelings and special treatment for people we have defined as being part of our in-group and negative feelings and unfair treatment for others simply because we have defined them as being in the out-group

Answer 40

In-group bias

Question 41

The belief that “they” are all alike in -group members tend to perceive out-group members as being more similar than they really are

Answer 41

Out-group homogeneity

Question 42

people struggle between their urge to express prejudice and need to maintain positive self-concept

Answer 42

The justification-suppression model of prejudice

Question 43

When we expect two things to be related, we fool ourselves into believing that they are actually unrelated

Answer 43

The illusory correlation

Question 44

our tendency to make dispositional attributions about an individuals negative behavior to an entire group of people

Answer 44

Ultimate attribution error

Question 45

holds that limited resources lead to conflict among groups and result in prejudice and discrimination

Answer 45

Realistic conflict theory

Question 46

the strong tendency to go along with the group in order to fulfill the groups expectations and gain acceptance

Answer 46

Normative conformity

Question 47

hold stereotypical views of women that suggest that women are inferior to men (women are less intelligent)

Answer 47

Hostile sexists

Question 48

hold stereotypically positive views of women, yet still serves to undermine women's roles in society (women are great cooks and mothers)

Answer 48

Benevolent sexists

Question 49

the need to depend on each other to accomplish a goal that is important to each group

Answer 49

Mutual interdependence

Question 50

1. Mutual interdependence 2. Common goal 3. Equal status 4. Friendly, informal setting 5. Knowing multiple out-group members 6. Social norms of equality

Answer 50

conditions for contact to reduce prejudice