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Test 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

The afferent neuron is _____ neuron in the sensory system

A

1st order

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2
Q

Where does the afferent (1st order neuron) enter the CNS?

A

At the dorsal horn

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3
Q

Efferent neurons are ____, which cell bodies are in the anterior horn and it’s axon is in the _____. It’s role is to innervate its motor unit.

A
  • Alpha
  • peripheral nervous system
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4
Q

Stretch reflex is monosynaptic meaning…

A

It only has 2 neurons in its reflex arc

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5
Q

What is the purpose of the stretch reflex?

A

To protect the muscle belly from overstretch injury

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6
Q

Reflex arc of stretch reflex is…

A

1a -> a (alpha motor neuron)

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7
Q

1a -> a synapse causes ____

A

Excititation

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8
Q

What is 1a releasing toward a during stretch reflex arc?

A

Acetylcholine

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9
Q

Muscle stretch reflex arc: the stretch of the muscle spindle causes reflex contraction

A
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10
Q

What is the purpose of GTO reflex?

A

To protect the tendon from overstretch injury

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11
Q

What is the GTO reflex arc?

A

1b (sensory neuron) -> interneuron -> a (alpha motor neuron)

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12
Q

What does the interneuron of the gto reflex arc release into its synapse with a (alpha motor neuron)?

A

An inhibitory neurotransmitter

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13
Q

1b release ____ towards the interneuron which activates it. The interneuron releases _____, which is inhibitory toward a

A
  • Acetylcholine
  • Gaba
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14
Q

Simple inverse stretch reflex arc: the stretch of Golgi tendon organ causes reflex inhibition (relaxation)

A
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15
Q

Reciprocal inhibition: 1a synapses with the interneuron for the reciprocal inhibition reflex. When 1a of a muscle is activated by stretch in addition to initiating stretch reflex response it also activates a _____in the partner muscle.

A
  • relaxation response
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16
Q

These internal muscle fibres, _____, will add to the stretch detected by 1a if they shorten or reduce the stretch detected by 1a if they are relaxed.

A
  • intrafusal fibres
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17
Q

The efferent neurons that innervate the intrafusal fibres which cell bodies are in the anterior horn…

A

Y motor neurons

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18
Q

What is spasticity?

A

Muscle hypertonia as a result of exaggerated, dysregulated reflex responses.

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19
Q

Spasticity: the ability of the hmc to exert their balance of excitation and inhibition is compromised by some type of upper motor neuron injury or disease caused damage.

A
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20
Q

Spasticity typically results from____ lesions

A

White matter (where myelin is)

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21
Q

Spasticity vs Rigidity:

Which is caused by white matter lesions typically in the the pyramidal tract (i.e upper motor neurons)
- brain injury
- SC compression
- Motor neuron disease

A

Spasticity

[rigidity is typically seen in extrapyramidal lesions i.e parkinson’s]

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22
Q

Spasticity vs Rigidity:

Which has increased muscle tone even at rest and is usually present during PROM?

A

Rigidity

[spasticity generally only occurs during muscle stretch and usually accompanied by increased tendon reflexes and a Babinskis’s response.

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23
Q

Spasticity vs Rigidity:

Which has more resistance in one direction than the other and more tone in initial part of movement?

A

Spasticity

[Rigidity has the same resistance in all directions and affects all mm surrounding a particular joint equally]

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24
Q

Spasticity vs Rigidity:

Which is velocity dependent. And more rapid movement triggers a stronger involuntary contraction or “catch” of affected muscles.

A

Spasticity

[ Rigidity is not velocity dependent and does not vary with speed of movement of m groups involved]

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25
The spinal cord runs from the ____ to _____
- The base of the skull - L1/L2
26
List the meninges in order from outer to most inner
Dura Mater, Arachnoid Mater, Pia Mater
27
The Spinal vertebrae __ vertebrae __ cervical __ Thoracic __ Lumbar __ Sacral __ cocygeal
- 33 - 7 - 12 - 5 - 5 - 4
28
Enlargements at the vertebral bodies exist at ___ as well as from ___
- C5 - T1 - L2 - S2 This is because these areas have a lot of nerves coming from them. They are enlarged to protect these nerves which receive a lot of information.
29
Right and Left Motor output nerve rootlets branch out _____
- ventrally (anteriorly)
30
Right and Left sensory (input) nerve rootlets branch____
Dorsally (posteriorly)
31
Mixed motor and sensory nerves are…
Spinal nerves. Made up of ventral and dorsal roots.
32
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there? ___ cervical ___ thoracic ___ lumbar ___ sacral ___ coccygeal
- 31 pairs - 8 - 12 - 5 - 5 -1
33
Where does the spinal cord end in adults? What does this form?
- L1/L2 - Conus Medullaris
34
Which spine has spinal nerves exit above the corresponding vertebra?
- The cervical spine (Spinal nerves in the Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral and coccygeal spines exit below their corresponding vertebra)
35
Central grey matter contains…
Neuronal cell bodies and synapses
36
Peripheral white matter contains…
Ascending Sensory (afferent signals) and Descending Motor (efferent signals) pathways
37
Interneurons determine _______ of spinal cord
- reflex response (spinal reflexes)
38
_____ pathways usually start with “spino-“ and end w/ the name of the brain region where they first synapse
- ascending sensory
39
What is the signal transmitted by the Anterior Spinothalamic Tract?
Crude touch (non discriminative)
40
What is the signal transmitted by the Lateral Spinothalamic tract?
Pain and Temp
41
What is the signal transmitted by the Dorsal columns?
Discriminative touch, vibration, conscious proprioception
42
What is the signal transmitted by the spinocerebellar tract?
Unconcious proprioception
43
Which ascending tracts are located in the lateral white matter?
Lateral Spinothalamic tract & Spinocerebellar tract
44
Which tracts ascend contralaterally?
Anterior Spinothalamic and Lateral Spinothalamic
45
Which tracts ascend ipsilaterally?
Dorsal column and Spinocerebellar
46
Which ascending tracts decussate immediately upon entry into the SC?
Anterior Spinothalamic and Lateral Spinothalamic
47
Where does the dorsal column tract decussate?
The Brain stem (medulla)
48
Where does the spinocerebellar tract decussate?
It does not cross over
49
Deacending motor pathways begin with the region of the brain that give rise to fibres and end with the suffix “-spinal”
50
What is the signal transmitted by the corticospinal a.k.a Pyramidal tracts?
Voluntary Skeletal muscles
51
What is the signal transmitted by extra-pyramidal tracts?
Involuntary skeletal (dampens erratic motions, maintains muscle tone)
52
Where is the extra-pyramidal tract located in the SC?
Lateral white matter
53
The Corticospinal tract (a.k.a pyramidal) is located ___ in lateral white matter & ___ in anterior white matter of the SC
- 80% - 20%
54
Does the corticospinal tract descend the SC contralaterally or ipsilateral?
- both
55
Does the extra pyramidal tract descend the SC contralaterally or ipsilaterally?
Ipsilateral
56
Where does the corticospinal tract decussate?
At the brainstem & at spinal level
57
Where does the extra-pyramidal tract decussate?
At spinal level
58
At which vertebral levels do SCIs occur more frequently?
- c5 to c7 - T10 - T12 - L1 - L2
59
When are secondary injuries reversible?
4 to 6 hours after the injury
60
Injured neurons in the SC will release ____ which when present in large concentrations is toxic to other neurons
- glutamate
61
How long can neurogenic shock lasts?
7 - 10 days
62
Occurs following SC innuries only
- spinal shock

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