Test 3 Flashcards
(113 cards)
1
Q
Francis Galton?
A
- Darwin’s cousin
- interested in measuring individual differences in all manner of things…including intelligence
- developed first intelligence tests, based upon reflexes, sensory acuity, strength
2
Q
London World Exposition?
A
Galton made money and charged the public to take his intelligence test. Biased and not very accurate.
3
Q
Alfred Binet?
A
- hired by French gov. to devise a test that to identify students “at risk” so that remediation could begin early
- came up with 30 tasks that identified a child’s natural intelligence
- test was brought to U.S. by Lewis Terman, who translated it and called it the Stanford-Binet intelligence test
4
Q
Natural intelligence?
A
intelligence that was independent of their ability to read or comprehend instruction
5
Q
David Wechsler?
A
- recognized that the Stanford-Binet test was biased towards native-born, English-speakers
- devised the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) or the Wechsler Intelligence Sale for Children (WISC). these test both verbal and nonverbal ability
6
Q
How were the first IQ scores calculated?
A
(Mental age(based on test score)/real age)*100
this meant that as you aged, you got less intelligent
7
Q
What is the modern calculation of the IQ scores?
A
(your test score/average test score for your age)*100
So, IQ is relatively stable over you adult lifespan.
Average IQ is 100, with standard deviation of 15
“genius” is an IQ over 145 (about .1% percent of people.
“retardation” is an IQ below 70 (about 2.5% of people)
8
Q
crystallized intelligence?
A
knowledge from experience (fact based) gain over time
9
Q
Fluid intelligence?
A
processing speed and reflexes (dynamic)
10
Q
What is the text definition of intelligence?
A
a hypothetical mental ability that allows us to direct our thinking, adapt to our circumstances, and learn from our experiences
11
Q
What is the Spearman definition of intelligence?
A
American psychologist who came up with the idea of "g" and "s", or generalized intelligence and specific intelligence four subcategories (recalling movies, spotting birds, speaking in public, and logic problems)
12
Q
What did Thurstone have to say about Spearman’s definition of intelligence?
A
Thurstone argued that “g” was not a single entity, but instead was made up of several different abilities (verbal fluency and comprehension; spatial ability; memory; perceptual speed) that all contribute to intelligence
13
Q
Conclusion of Spearman and Thurstone?
A
They were both correct,,there IS something like “g” which reflects the combination of many different mid-level abilities (like Thurstone’s abilities), which reflect similar kinds of task-specfic abilities (like Spearman’s “s”)
14
Q
Where does intelligence come from?
A
- genetics and environment both play a key role; monozygotic (identical) twins are more likely to have similar IQ’s than siblings
- however, dizygotic twins (not genetical identical, just born at same time) also have a higher correlation between IQs than siblings born at different times, reflecting a role for environment
15
Q
How does race pal a role in results of intelligence testing? (asian americans higher than european americans)
A
some of the difference in IQ’s between race is due to differences in SES (leading to differences in nutrition; parenting; educational opportunities and life experiences)
some to cultural bias in tests (this problem has been reduced in the last 30 years)
some to the effects of stereotypes on test-taking performance
-to date, there is NO evidence of a genetic difference contributing to differences in IQ scores
16
Q
What is social psychology?
A
- focuses on the causes and consequences of interpersonal behavior; on our perceptions of people, how we want to be perceived, and how we interact with one another
- examines things like prejudice; group behavior; cross-cultural psychology; sex and gender issues
17
Q
What is social behavior?
A
how we interact with other humans, individually and in groups
18
Q
Survival of the fittest?
A
Darwinian evolution a key theory for explaining human behavior; we act in a way that increases the likelihood that our genes will be successfully passed to future generations
19
Q
What is aggression?
A
behavior that is intended to harm others
- to maximize reproductive fitness, we often resort to aggression
- this sometimes refers to a premeditated attempt to gain resources by hunting others
- other times, the aggression may be defensive (you are bring to repel a real or perceived threat) or impulsive (you are frustrated or stressed and lash out..this is a form of displaced behavior)
20
Q
Women and aggression?
A
women are just as aggressive…however, they tend to be more premeditated; less physically aggressive; and more psychologically aggressive (spread rumors; cut rivals out of a social circle)
21
Q
what is cooperation?
A
behavior by two or more people that leads to mutual benefits
- cooperation is often more rewarding than aggression…but potentially riskier, as your success depends on the behavior of others (prisoners dilemma)
- ability to identify trustworthy people and affiliate with them is important; people usually quite good at this
22
Q
kin selection?
A
often done to increase survival of related members of species
23
Q
Reciprocal altruism?
A
altruism may occur in exchange for later favor
24
Q
True altruism?
A
sometimes altruism exists for no obvious reason…for nothing at all
25
Group behavior?
- extreme behavior often manifest under conditions of group pressure(act according to group norms) or under deindividuation (morality diminished when in a crowd)
- predjudice and discrimination my reflect evolutionary competition for scarce resources; hard to change, as it may be hard-wired; can try increased contact of recategorization
26
Predjudice?
positive evaluation of in-group members/negative evaluation of out-group
27
discrimination?
positive interactions with in-group/negative interactions with out-group
28
Informational social influence?
group social behavior often due to desire to conform with group opinion because you are not sure what is right and act according to "majority rules"
29
Normative social influence?
group social behavior often due to desire to conform with group opinion because you want to be "liked" by the group
30
Conformity most likely when:
- responses must be made in public
- when there are few dissenting voices in a group
- when a group is very attractive
- or when a leader is particularly influential
31
What does like mean?
to be fond of or partial to and increases with repeated contact, similarity, and physical attraction
32
What does love mean?
to adore or worship. a much more powerful social interaction
33
Neurobiology of romantic behavior?
the reward pathways in the brain are heavily implicated…these include the VTA in the midbrain and dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens
34
Oxytocin?
a second neurotransmitter which produces feelings of attraction, connection, and empathy
-also leads to particularly vivid memories which might be why we remember our relationships, including breakups, so well!
35
Mate choice?
things like kindness, intelligence, dependability important to both sexes
- evolutionary pressure suggests males tend to choose females with good reproductive tendencies
- females tend to choose males that will provide a good home for their young
36
Social cognition?
focuses on how we view our peers; how w learn about, remember and think about other human beings.
when we engage in social cognition, our frontal lobes become active…and damage to our frontal lobes impairs our ability to think about other human beings
37
Social behavior influenced….?
by attitudes..enduring evaluation of a person, thing, or event.
38
ABC's of attitudes?
affective, behavioral, and cognitive aspects
39
Attitudes?
affect how war see and interact with the world, often, we are blind to things that are counter to our attitudes and we fixate on things that support our attitudes
40
Explicit attitudes?
attires that are often publicly state if they are "politically correct" and /or likely to be supported by their peers
41
IAT?
implicit association test where unconscious or hidden implicit attitudes can often be detected
42
Implicit vs. explicit attitudes?
Male or Family and Female or Career vs.
Male or Career and Female or Family.
- if they match there will be no difference in the speed to which they pair the various descriptors to "male" or "female"
- if they do not match, they will more quickly pair some words with "male" and other words with "female" revealing their implicit attitude
43
Cognitive dissonance?
a feeling of discomfort caused when there is a conflict between different attitudes, or between behavior and attitudes.
To reduce this, we may try to rationalize the discrepancy or we may try to change our attitudes or our behavior
44
Persuasion?
used to change a person's attitudes so that they model your beliefs
45
systematic?
used if person is paying attention; involves presentation of facts
46
heuristic?
more common, facts are less important than exploiting emotions or habits; often involves presentation of opinions by "experts" or "attractive people" or "celebrities" best achieved by fast talkers, who can elicit strong emotions…or by no words at all
47
Stereotypes?
attitudes about people in a certain group
- may be positive, neutral, or negative
- represent a short-cut to knowing someone, but can blind you to who a person really is..you tend to exaggerate the features that fit the stereotype, and are blind to features that don't fit
48
When does development begin?
at conception, sperm and egg unite to form a zygote gender is determined at the point of conception (X-Y chromosome=male; X-X chromosome=female)
49
Zygote?
single cells beings to divide..each new cell contains all of the genetic info of the original zygote
Takes 16-18 hours for one cell to become two
50
Embryo?
a developing human is called this after about two weeks
51
Testosterone?
males begin to secrete this which masculinizes them…in the absence of testosterone, embryo develops as a female (even if it has X-Y sex chromosomes)
52
Fetus?
after the 8th week, and until birth, developing human is this
53
Brain in human development?
begins to develop in about the 3rd week post conception; most neurons are born by 6 months, though development of axons/dendrites/myelination lasts until about 18-21 years of age…and neurogenesis lasts the entire lifetime of the human
54
Teratogens?
incredible rate of cell division during prenatal development makes developing human brain very susceptible to this; like fetal alcohol syndrome
55
Prenatally?
second trimester. this is where behavior begins. fetus can hear, see, chemo-sense, bond to parents
56
Post partum?
infancy last from birth to about 24 hours
| -infants are particularly fond of faces and things that look like faces. able to determine new from old faces.
57
orienting reflex?
tendency for infants to orient to stimuli that are either novel (new face over an old face), or else biologically important (mother's face if child is hungry)
58
Suckling reflex?
also intact; can be used to look at infants ability to lear, to test perceptual sensitivity
59
Intermodal understanding?
is present eve from birth (infants can associate sound with a particular place in space from birth)
60
Piaget?
best known theorist about cognitive development in childhood and adolescence
- began work with Binet; noted that here were age-specific patterns of mistakes that children made
- Piaget concluded there was a common way that children think at different ages…due to commonalities in biological development and in the experiences children have at each age.
61
Sensorimotor?
(0-2)
as children learn to control their body, they begin to actively explore and form schemas-simple models about how the world works.
-motor development occurs throughout infancy; children learn to control bod parts according to cephalocaudal (head movement from head to tail) and proximodistal rules (middle of body to end of arms.
-completely egocentric; learn by direct experience only; start to develop object permanence
62
Assimilation?
key process in sensorimotor; applying schemas to explore different aspects of the world
63
accommodation?
key process in sensorimotor; altering schemas to fit expierences
64
attachment?
occurs in sensorimotor state; infant bonds to a primary care giver and look to them for their sustenance, protection, and environmental stimulation
65
Preoperational?
2-6 years
- symbolism develops (language)
- object permanence is acquired
- still highly egocentric or selfish
- no sense of conservation
66
Morality?
begins in pre conventional (pre operational?) stage; morality based on whether or not behavior will lead to punishment
67
Concrete operational?
7-12 years
conservation emerges
concrete logic emerges
morality enters conventional stage; adolescent morality controlled by social rules
68
Formal?
12-adulthood
abstract logic emerges (negative numbers)
formal hypothesis testing emerges
morality enters post conventional stage; behavior is based on a person's core beliefs (happiness is more important that money)
69
Theory of mind?
- emphasize with you
- deception emerged
- correlated with certain developments in frontal lobes
- mirror neurons play critical role in theory of mind
70
Personality?
an individuals characteristic style of behaving, thinking, and feeling
- personality is in "the eye of the beholder"
- personality emerges as a function of genes, prior experience, and future consequences
71
Factor analysis?
since hundreds of traits have been reported…a lot of variability so to get around this probe, psychologist have used factor analysis to lump different trays into factors that all relate to the same underlying personality characteristic
72
When and how does "adult brain" form?
-an enormous change in the brain during puberty; proliferation and then pruning of synaptic connections and development of myelin that speeds axonal conduction leads to an "adult" brain in late teens/early 20's
73
Period of adolescence?
in last 200 years this period has increased…due to earlier physical maturation (sexual development occus about 4-5 years earlier than it did 100 years ago) and the need for more education before gaining experience
74
Maturation in female vs. male/?
males=late maturation leads to stress
| female=early maturation is more stressful
75
Sexual orientation?
- sexual orientation does not appear to be heavily dependent upon "nurture"-nor is it a matter of "choice"
- high levels in testosterone in utero may contribute to an attrition to females in both males and females..and birth order is associated with increased likelihood of homosexuality in males(controversial study)
- genetics play a large role in sexual orientation
76
Erickson?
Had 8 stages of human development
77
aging?
- age leads to a general decline
- many cognitive characteristics do decline with age, especially those requiring fast processing or flexible memory strategies; others show no decline, and the experience gained with age often offsets the decline in cognitive functioning
- decline is generally very slow..begins around age 25, continues for lifespan; only rapid when death approaches
78
Psychomotor speed?
increased processing time/decreased reflexes. in children and adolescents, processing speed drops to the age of about 16; then it levels off for about 15 years before slowly increasing again
79
Short-term memory changes?
simple 7 +/- 2 capacity intact for simples working memory tasks, but aging produces decline in more complex tasks. incased working memory capacity is a critical feature in the development of cognition in the young; decreased capacity is a hallmark of cognitive decline in the old.
80
long-term memory changes?
elderly people may take more time to consolidate new LTM; once in, they may also have retrieval deficits. most LTM in the elderly are for ages 10-30; either because they were the most exciting or because that is when the best memories were laid down.
In both forms of memory, the content of memory is often different; young adults focus attention on information that may be useful in the future whereas older adults focus on info that is immediately useful or affectively positively
81
intelligence decline with age?
fluid intelligence declines from about age 25 on; crystallized intelligence increase over the life span.
82
caveats?
- few longitudinal studies done; ones that have been done reveal less individual decline over time than one would expect, suggesting that a few really low scores skew results of many studies
- reduced congnitive decline in active adults; "use it or lose it"
- decreased processing can be compensated for with improved strategies
83
Alzheimer's Disease?
- affects about 20% of people in their 90's; due to cell death and loss of specific neurotransmitters like acetylcholine
- loss of cells in frontal and temporal lobes and hippocampus widespread
- reduced incidence of ALZ in patients chronically taking anti-inflammatory medications; suggest that part of pathology due to inflammation/irritation of neural tissue in people with ALZ
- also decreased ALZ in women taking estrogen replacement therapy; protective role for estrogen?
84
The big five factor model?
5 factors= conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness to experience, extraversion
- these 5 factors represent the product of genetic predisposition expressed by past experience and future expectation
- they are heavily dependent upon normal brain function, and personality change is often a sign of neuropathology
85
Reticular formation?
- look at slides for different brian sections
- the reticular formation plays a key role in personality…people who are easily aroused tend to be introverts, while people who are not easily aroused tend to be extroverts
86
Frontal lobes on personality.
frontal lobes play a key role in ethical behavior/behavioral inhibition/ empathy/ perception of/ sensitivity to other people's behavior
87
Psychodynamic Approach?
- pioneered by Freud, the most famous psychologist ever?
- began career as a neurologist, briefly experimented with hypnosis as psychological treatment
- later, championed the use of cocaine to facilitate one's well-being…this led to considerable embarrassment and almost ruined career
- a life-long smoker who died of a heroin does administered by a friend when the pain of bone cancer became too much to bear
88
Key insight?
that our behavior is determined by a conflict between conscious will and unconscious will,,,hence the term psychodynamics
-initially, Freud assigned mental process that determine behavior to three states. Conscious, preconscious, and unconscious.
89
Conscious mental process?
rational, logical, goal-directed thoughts that are the focus of our consciousness (what time is it?)
90
Preconscious mental process?
logical ideas or thought that are potentially conscious but are not currently that way
91
Unconscious mental process?
they are irrational, poorly organized, based heavily on pre language experiences and should remain unconscious to avoid mental duress. However, they often manifest themselves in a persons behavior
92
Freud's theory of the personality?
- Freud described a conflict between conscious desires and the possibilities of having these desires met in the real world. He argued that there are three sets of mental processes that control behavior.
1. ld: represents sexual and aggressive energies; very impulsive; generates desires
2. superego: the conscience counters desires of the id.
3. ego: balances desires of id with morality of the superego; responsible for cognition and managing emotions; finds compromises between id, superego and possibilities of environment
93
Humanistic Psychology?
- rejected the psychodynamic approach as too negative; instead, focused on how people become better human beings by making healthy choices
- today, humanistic psychology is often referred to as positive psychology
- emphasizes that humans are basically good, but often confused by the choices that they must make to become self-actualized
- often, humans avoid contemplation of humanistic question like "what is the purpose of my life?" with superficial behaviors…these defenses often define our personality, but reflect failed potential
- to become "all that you can be" requires though about our mortality, our purpose, and how best to live our lives.
93
Humanistic Psychology?
- rejected the psychodynamic approach as too negative; instead, focused on how people become better human beings by making healthy choices
- today, humanistic psychology is often referred to as positive psychology
- emphasizes that humans are basically good, but often confused by the choices that they must make to become self-actualized
- often, humans avoid contemplation of humanistic question like "what is the purpose of my life?" with superficial behaviors…these defenses often define our personality, but reflect failed potential
- to become "all that you can be" requires though about our mortality, our purpose, and how best to live our lives.
94
FLOW?
the feeling one experiences when they are being challenged, buy not overwhelmed by their lives.
94
Maslow?
```
one of the first major humanistic psychologists; proposed a pyramid of needs that could be used to determine how "self-actualized" we are.
self actualization
esteem needs
belonginess needs
safety needs
psychological needs
```
97
Psychopathology?
sickness of the mind; recognized since the ancient Egyptians and Greeks. Link to brain long recognized.
98
When does psychopathology exist?
1. when there are problematic patters of thought or behavior that have internal cause (biological or psychological, and that disrupt a person's sense of individual well-being or social functioning
99
Szaz?
worked at a state mental institution and believed that mental illness didn't exist
100
DSM-V-TR?
(diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders)
-state of the art in diagnosing mental illness in north american; based on medical model of mental illness (emphasizes mental illness as disease state with causes and possible cures; often, brain pathology implicated)
101
Biological Perspective?
mental illness a function of brain disorder; tree the disorder and the pathology disappears
-genetics often play a role
102
Stress?
stress exacerbates mental illness, and some people believe that an interaction between genetics and stress is key to understanding the etiology of mental illness.
103
Schizophrenia?
- profound disruption of basic psychological phenomena (some debate as to the cardinal symptoms of schizophrenia)
- popular to group the symptoms of schizophrenia into the positive symptoms and negative symptoms
104
Positive symptoms of schizophrenia?
(addition to person's functions)hallucinations, delusions, thought disorders, repeated instances of bizarre or disorganized behavior. Presumably due to focal brain abnormality that is probably neurochemical
105
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
(a loss to the individual's functions esp. emotion and motivation) poverty of speech or speech content, affective flattening, inability to feel pleasure, apathy, difficulty sustaining attention. possibly due to diffuse and irreversible structural brain abnormalities, such as ventricular enlargement and cortical atophy
106
Neural correlates and treatment for schizophrenia?
may see cortical loss/abberations throughout brain…starts in parietal lobe (hallucinations/delusions) and continues to include both temporal and frontal lobes (loss of cognitive function)
107
Consummate love?
According to sternberg, this love is the only type of love that includes significant dimensions of intimacy, passion and commitment
108
Different parts of neuron. Draw and label
- cell body
- nucleus
- axon
- dendrites
- myelin
- terminal branches of axon
109
Label parts of brain
- pons
- medulla
- cerebellum
- midbrain
- frontal lobe
- parietal lobe
- occipital lobe
- temporal lobe
- cereberal cortex
- corpus callosum
- hypothalamus
- pituitary gland
- amygdala
- hippocampus
- thalamus
- basil ganglia
110
Occipital lobe?
-processes visual info
111
Parietal lobe?
processing info about touch.
112
Temporal lobe?
responsible for hearing and language
113
Frontal lobe?
specialized areas for movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory, and judgement
