Test 3 Flashcards by Josh Kotov

All chemical and physical processes by which the body breaks down and builds up molecules

Metabolism

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_ measures a food’s caloric content

Calorimeter

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_ - process of making large/complex molecules from small ones

Anabolism

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_ - breakdown of large/complex molecules to small ones

Catabolism

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Where is the potential energy of ATP located

How is it released

In the phosphate bonds

Break the bonds

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Where is ATP produced

Mitohondria

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Sequential clusters of chemical reactions occurring for a particular goal

Metabolic pathways

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Water is released as a part of this anabolism process

Dehydration synthesis (Condensation)

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Water is used to break down a large molecule

Hydrolysis

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Addition of phosphate to a compound

Phosphorylation

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When glucose is phosphorylated it can -

oxidize for energy or be stored as glycogen

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Molecules exchange electrons (hydrogen) -

Oxidation reduction reaction

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Oxidation reduction reaction results

Molecule donating is oxidized
(electron removed by oxygen)

Molecule acquiring is reduced
(electron gain makes it negative)

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Non-proteins that enhance reations

Coenzymes

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Minerals needed for enzyme activity

Cofactors

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When glucose exceeds energy needed it is converted to __ and stored as _

Fatty acids
Triglycerides

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Anaerobic reaction that nets 2 ATP

Final step in PYRUVATE production

Glycolysis

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Triglycerides are broken down by LIPASE to yield glycerol and 3 fatty acids

Lipolysis

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Bravo- oxidation

Oxidation of free fatty acids

Produces water, CO2 and ATP

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What transports fatty acids for energy conversion

Albumin

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What coenzyme helps with fatty acid breakdown

Carnitine

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Fat catabolism produces

Ketones

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Proteolysis

Dietary proteins digested into small peptides

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Removal of amino acid from amine group to produce ammonia during starvation

Deamination

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Ammonia is highly toxic but used as a source of _ during starvation

Nitrogen

Energy is stored as _ in LIMITED amounts and as _ in UNLIMITED amounts

Carbohydrate Triglycerids (Fat)

Gluconeogenesis involves protein catabolism to produce

glucose

Production of fat from nonfat substances Happens when things are consumed in excess and stored as acetyl CoA

Lipogenesis (de novo synthesis)

Primary anabolic hormone

Insulin

Glucagon epinephrine and cortisol are _ hormones

Catabolic

Signals cellular uptake of glucose, fatty acids and amino acids

Insulin

Triggers breakdown of stored triglycerides, glycogen and body protein for energy

Glucagon, epi, cortisol

Anablolic state

Bloodstream enriched with glucose, fatty acids and amino acids Excess stored as fat

Metabolic response to starvation

Glucose maintained for brain and RBC energy priority Drop in activity, temp, resting metab rate Fatty acids become main fuel

Disease is often dominated by

Catabolism

Primary metab by-product of alcohol oxidation is

acetyl CoA

Glycolysis is a biochemical pathway that generates

Energy

Glycolysis begins with _ and ends with _

Glucose Pyruvic acid

_ mediate metabolic reactions

Enzymes

In the absence of _, pyruvate is converted to _

Oxygen Lactic acid

In metabolism, glucose is degraded to CO2 and water. The CO2 is produced in the _

Tricarboxylic acid cycle TCA

The tricarboxylic acid cycle TCA is located in the

Mitochondria

The tricarboxylic acid cycle begins with

acetyl CoA

In metabolism, glucose is degraded to water and _

CO2

The conversion of pyruvate to _ is irreversble

acetyl-CoA

An acetyl-CoA molecule CAN be converted to

Fatty acids

Synthesis of fatty acids occurs in the _ of the cell

Cytosol

Breakdown of fatty acids occurs in the _ of the cell

Mitochondria

Shuttle service for fatty acids from cytosol to mitochondira

Carnitine

Abnormal fat accumulation in the liver stems from

Acetyl-CoA driven increase in fatty acid synthesis

Unique "side group" that remains after the amine group is REMOVED from a protein

Carbon Skeleton

Carbon skeleton can be converted to _ to form energy

Acetyl-CoA

Extra protein in stored as

Fat

After prolonged fasting the brain adapts to using _ for fuel

Ketones

What alcohol metabolic pathway is used with high consumptions

MEOS

Vitamins/minerals dont provide energy. They function as _ for generating it Particularly important is Vit _

Coenzymes B

Primary coenzymes

Thiamin (B1) Riboflavin (B2) Vit B6 Niacin (B3) Pantothenic acid Biotin

Secondary coenzymes

Folate Vit B12

_ is required for glucose metabolism and branch chain amino acids

Thiamin B1

_ assists in DNA and RNA synthesis of neurotransmitters

Thiamin B1

_ is involved in oxidation-reduction reactions in electron transport chian Antioxidant

Riboflavin Vit B2

_ is required in oxidation-reduction of carbs proteins fats comes from meat

Niacin B3

Group of 3 compounds Involved in Carb metab Gluconeogenesis Neurotransmitter synthesis Immune function

Vit B6

_ can be toxic nerve damage, skin lesions

Vit B6

_ is critical for DNA synthesis, embryo development

Folate

Cobalt center with ring structure Essential for nerve function Absorption requires INTRINSIC FACTOR

B12 cyanocobalamin

Essential for fatty acid metab and detoxification of drugs

Pantothenic acid

Fatty acid synthesis, gluconeogenesis

Biotin

Vit like substance Neurotransmission (acetylcholine) Homocysteine metabolism

Choline

Thyroid hormone related Regulates temp/metab important for growth/reproduction

Iodine

Ioidine deficiency disorders

Cretinism Hypothyroidism

Hyperthyroidism -

Graves weight loss tremors ^ hr

Hypothyroidism

cold intolerance weight gain fatigue

Assists insulin in glucose transport

Chromium

Part of antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase

Manganese

Mineral Component of thiamin and biotin Required by liver for alcohol detox

Sulfur

Inadequate Vit B intake results in

low physical performance

Protein that accelerates chem reactions but is not altered or used up in the reaction

enzyme

B vits primarily act as

Coenzymes

Thiamin niacin and riboflavin work together to

release energy from carbs fats and proteins

First b vit discovered was

Thiamin

Thiamin deficiency that affects cardio musles nerves GI

Beriberi

Who is at greatest risk of thiamin and riboflavin deficiency

The elderly

Riboflavin is sensitive to

Light Get opaque milk cartons

Niacin is necessary to prevent which disease

Pellagra

This B vit is important in transamination and making nonessential amino acids

_ acts as coenzyme in metabolism of branch chain amino acids

Skin flushing can result from excess

Niacin

B6 is important for metabolism of

Homocystine

Essential component of coenzyme A

Pantothenic acid

Protein in raw egg whites can bind to _ and prevent absorption

Biotin

Neurotransmitter involved in muscle movement and memory storage

Acetylcholine

Deficiency is rare for

Pantothenic acid

What B vit serves as a carrier for CO2

Biotin

Nutrient dense source of thiamin

Pork

Added to salt in US

iodine

Mineral that enhances insulin to transport glucose

Chromium

Elevated blood concentration and neurotoxicity were the criteria used to determine the UL for

Manganese

As part of thiamin pyrophosphate, thiamin plays a crit role in

breakdown of glucose for energy