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Nutrition > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

All chemical and physical processes by which the body breaks down and builds up molecules

A

Metabolism

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2
Q

_ measures a food’s caloric content

A

Calorimeter

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3
Q

_ - process of making large/complex molecules from small ones

A

Anabolism

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4
Q

_ - breakdown of large/complex molecules to small ones

A

Catabolism

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5
Q

Where is the potential energy of ATP located

How is it released

A

In the phosphate bonds

Break the bonds

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6
Q

Where is ATP produced

A

Mitohondria

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7
Q

Sequential clusters of chemical reactions occurring for a particular goal

A

Metabolic pathways

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8
Q

Water is released as a part of this anabolism process

A

Dehydration synthesis (Condensation)

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9
Q

Water is used to break down a large molecule

A

Hydrolysis

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10
Q

Addition of phosphate to a compound

A

Phosphorylation

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11
Q

When glucose is phosphorylated it can -

A

oxidize for energy or be stored as glycogen

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12
Q

Molecules exchange electrons (hydrogen) -

A

Oxidation reduction reaction

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13
Q

Oxidation reduction reaction results

A

Molecule donating is oxidized
(electron removed by oxygen)

Molecule acquiring is reduced
(electron gain makes it negative)

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14
Q

Non-proteins that enhance reations

A

Coenzymes

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15
Q

Minerals needed for enzyme activity

A

Cofactors

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16
Q

When glucose exceeds energy needed it is converted to __ and stored as _

A

Fatty acids
Triglycerides

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17
Q

Anaerobic reaction that nets 2 ATP

Final step in PYRUVATE production

A

Glycolysis

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18
Q

Triglycerides are broken down by LIPASE to yield glycerol and 3 fatty acids

A

Lipolysis

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19
Q

Bravo- oxidation

A

Oxidation of free fatty acids

Produces water, CO2 and ATP

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20
Q

What transports fatty acids for energy conversion

A

Albumin

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21
Q

What coenzyme helps with fatty acid breakdown

A

Carnitine

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22
Q

Fat catabolism produces

A

Ketones

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23
Q

Proteolysis

A

Dietary proteins digested into small peptides

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24
Q

Removal of amino acid from amine group to produce ammonia during starvation

A

Deamination

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25
Q

Ammonia is highly toxic but used as a source of _ during starvation

A

Nitrogen

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26
Q

Energy is stored as _ in LIMITED amounts and as _ in UNLIMITED amounts

A

Carbohydrate
Triglycerids (Fat)

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27
Q

Gluconeogenesis involves protein catabolism to produce

A

glucose

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28
Q

Production of fat from nonfat substances

Happens when things are consumed in excess and stored as acetyl CoA

A

Lipogenesis (de novo synthesis)

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29
Q

Primary anabolic hormone

A

Insulin

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30
Q

Glucagon epinephrine and cortisol are _ hormones

A

Catabolic

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31
Q

Signals cellular uptake of glucose, fatty acids and amino acids

A

Insulin

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32
Q

Triggers breakdown of stored triglycerides, glycogen and body protein for energy

A

Glucagon, epi, cortisol

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33
Q

Anablolic state

A

Bloodstream enriched with glucose, fatty acids and amino acids

Excess stored as fat

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34
Q

Metabolic response to starvation

A

Glucose maintained for brain and RBC energy priority

Drop in activity, temp, resting metab rate

Fatty acids become main fuel

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35
Q

Disease is often dominated by

A

Catabolism

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36
Q

Primary metab by-product of alcohol oxidation is

A

acetyl CoA

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37
Q

Glycolysis is a biochemical pathway that generates

A

Energy

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38
Q

Glycolysis begins with _ and ends with _

A

Glucose

Pyruvic acid

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39
Q

_ mediate metabolic reactions

A

Enzymes

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40
Q

In the absence of _, pyruvate is converted to _

A

Oxygen

Lactic acid

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41
Q

In metabolism, glucose is degraded to CO2 and water. The CO2 is produced in the _

A

Tricarboxylic acid cycle TCA

42
Q

The tricarboxylic acid cycle TCA is located in the

A

Mitochondria

43
Q

The tricarboxylic acid cycle begins with

A

acetyl CoA

44
Q

In metabolism, glucose is degraded to water and _

A

CO2

45
Q

The conversion of pyruvate to _ is irreversble

A

acetyl-CoA

46
Q

An acetyl-CoA molecule CAN be converted to

A

Fatty acids

47
Q

Synthesis of fatty acids occurs in the _ of the cell

A

Cytosol

48
Q

Breakdown of fatty acids occurs in the _ of the cell

A

Mitochondria

49
Q

Shuttle service for fatty acids from cytosol to mitochondira

A

Carnitine

50
Q

Abnormal fat accumulation in the liver stems from

A

Acetyl-CoA driven increase in fatty acid synthesis

51
Q

Unique “side group” that remains after the amine group is REMOVED from a protein

A

Carbon Skeleton

52
Q

Carbon skeleton can be converted to _ to form energy

A

Acetyl-CoA

53
Q

Extra protein in stored as

A

Fat

54
Q

After prolonged fasting the brain adapts to using _ for fuel

A

Ketones

55
Q

What alcohol metabolic pathway is used with high consumptions

A

MEOS

56
Q

Vitamins/minerals dont provide energy. They function as _ for generating it

Particularly important is Vit _

A

Coenzymes

B

57
Q

Primary coenzymes

A

Thiamin (B1)
Riboflavin (B2)
Vit B6
Niacin (B3)
Pantothenic acid
Biotin

58
Q

Secondary coenzymes

A

Folate Vit B12

59
Q

_ is required for glucose metabolism and branch chain amino acids

A

Thiamin B1

60
Q

_ assists in DNA and RNA synthesis of neurotransmitters

A

Thiamin B1

61
Q

_ is involved in oxidation-reduction reactions in electron transport chian

Antioxidant

A

Riboflavin Vit B2

62
Q

_ is required in oxidation-reduction of carbs proteins fats

comes from meat

A

Niacin B3

63
Q

Group of 3 compounds

Involved in
Carb metab
Gluconeogenesis
Neurotransmitter synthesis
Immune function

A

Vit B6

64
Q

_ can be toxic
nerve damage, skin lesions

A

Vit B6

65
Q

_ is critical for DNA synthesis, embryo development

A

Folate

66
Q

Cobalt center with ring structure
Essential for nerve function
Absorption requires INTRINSIC FACTOR

A

B12 cyanocobalamin

67
Q

Essential for fatty acid metab and detoxification of drugs

A

Pantothenic acid

68
Q

Fatty acid synthesis, gluconeogenesis

A

Biotin

69
Q

Vit like substance
Neurotransmission (acetylcholine)
Homocysteine metabolism

A

Choline

70
Q

Thyroid hormone related
Regulates temp/metab

important for growth/reproduction

A

Iodine

71
Q

Ioidine deficiency disorders

A

Cretinism
Hypothyroidism

72
Q

Hyperthyroidism -

A

Graves
weight loss
tremors
^ hr

73
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

cold intolerance
weight gain
fatigue

74
Q

Assists insulin in glucose transport

A

Chromium

75
Q

Part of antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase

A

Manganese

76
Q

Mineral
Component of thiamin and biotin
Required by liver for alcohol detox

A

Sulfur

77
Q

Inadequate Vit B intake results in

A

low physical performance

78
Q

Protein that accelerates chem reactions but is not altered or used up in the reaction

A

enzyme

79
Q

B vits primarily act as

A

Coenzymes

80
Q

Thiamin niacin and riboflavin work together to

A

release energy from carbs fats and proteins

81
Q

First b vit discovered was

A

Thiamin

82
Q

Thiamin deficiency that affects
cardio
musles
nerves
GI

A

Beriberi

83
Q

Who is at greatest risk of thiamin and riboflavin deficiency

A

The elderly

84
Q

Riboflavin is sensitive to

A

Light
Get opaque milk cartons

85
Q

Niacin is necessary to prevent which disease

A

Pellagra

86
Q

This B vit is important in transamination and making nonessential amino acids

A

B6

87
Q

_ acts as coenzyme in metabolism of branch chain amino acids

A

B6

88
Q

Skin flushing can result from excess

A

Niacin

89
Q

B6 is important for metabolism of

A

Homocystine

90
Q

Essential component of coenzyme A

A

Pantothenic acid

91
Q

Protein in raw egg whites can bind to _ and prevent absorption

A

Biotin

92
Q

Neurotransmitter involved in muscle movement and memory storage

A

Acetylcholine

93
Q

Deficiency is rare for

A

Pantothenic acid

94
Q

What B vit serves as a carrier for CO2

A

Biotin

95
Q

Nutrient dense source of thiamin

A

Pork

96
Q

Added to salt in US

A

iodine

97
Q

Mineral that enhances insulin to transport glucose

A

Chromium

98
Q

Elevated blood concentration and neurotoxicity were the criteria used to determine the UL for

A

Manganese

99
Q

As part of thiamin pyrophosphate, thiamin plays a crit role in

A

breakdown of glucose for energy

100
Q
A

Nutrition (3 decks)

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