Test 3 Flashcards

Question

Speech sound disorder

Answer 1

when the developmental language problem involves articulation or sound production rather than word knowledge Children with this disorder have trouble controlling their rate of speech, or lag behind playmates in learning to articulate certain sounds The speech quality of these children may be unusual, and even unintelligible Assessment and intervention are warranted when These issues persist beyond the typical developmental range (age 4) Or interfere with academic and social activities by age 7

Answer 2

Promote the child’s language competencies Adjust the environment in ways that accommodate the child’s needs Therapy to equip them with knowledge and skills to reduce behavioral and emotional symptoms

Answer 3

The repeated and prolonged pronunciation of certain syllables that interferes with communication

Answer 4

Persistent difficulties in pragmatics involving both expressive and receptive skills Deficits in using communication for social purposes Difficulties changing their communication to match the situation or the listener Problems following the rules of language Difficulties understanding what someone is not explicitly saying Children with SCD may experience lasting impairments in peer relations

Answer 5

is difficulties learning keystone academic skills: reading, writing, spelling, or math Learning difficulties: specific, not due to intellectual developmental disorder, and not due to global developmental delay Achievement test scores are at least 1.5 standard deviations below average for their age and sex Performance difficulties interfere with academic achievement or daily living Must persist for more than six months despite efforts to improve A child or adult can have more than one form of SLD

Answer 6

Most common underlying feature: inability to distinguish or separate sounds in spoken words Difficulty learning sight words Errors in reversals (b/d, p/q), transpositions (was/saw, scared/sacred), inversions (m/w, u/n), and omissions (place for palace, section for selection) Dyslexia is sometimes used to describe this pattern of reading difficulties Core deficits: decoding rapidly enough to read the whole word and problems reading single, small words

Answer 7

Writing disorders are often associated with problems with eye/hand coordination Leads to poor handwriting Children with writing disorders: Produce shorter, less interesting, and poorly organized essays Are less likely to review spelling, punctuation, and grammar to increase clarity

Answer 8

Difficulties in number sense, memorization of arithmetic facts, accurate or fluent calculation, and/or accurate math reasoning Dyscalculia: alternative term sometimes used to describe this pattern of math difficulties May include problems in comprehending abstract concepts or in visual-spatial ability Involves core deficits in arithmetic calculation and/or mathematics reasoning abilities

Answer 9

Interventions rely primarily on educational and psychosocial methods No biological treatments exist In coexistent challenges in concentration and attention, some children respond favorably to stimulant medications Issues of identification are important There is a brief window of opportunity for successful treatment Prevention involves training children in phonological awareness activities at an early age

Answer 10

Provides more academic engagement and achievement than traditional pencil-and-paper-methods Some children with communication and learning disorders are unable to process information that flashes by too quickly Computer programs slow down grammatical sounds allowing young children to process them more slowly and carefully

Answer 11

Parental changes: speak to the child slowly in short sentences Contingency management procedures Habit reversal procedures If left untreated, children with severe communication and language difficulties Will lag behind their peers Are at risk of having behavioral or social concerns Treatment is based on three principles Promote the child’s language competencies Adjust the environment in ways that accommodate the child’s needs Therapy to equip them with knowledge and skills to reduce behavioral and emotional symptoms

Answer 12

The prevalence of obesity is at 19.7% Childhood obesity is a chronic medical condition Obesity usually is defined in terms of a body mass index (BMI) On any given day, 30% of American children eat fast food

Answer 13

Avoidance or restriction of food intake, leading to significant weight loss (or failure to maintain usual growth) and/or nutritional deficiency Significant weight loss Significant nutritional deficiency Dependence on enteral feeding or oral nutritional supplements Marked interference with psychosocial functioning

Answer 14

Ingestion of inedible, nonnutritive substances (e.g., hair, insects, and paint) for a period of at least one month One of the more common and usually less serious eating disorders Affects mostly very young children and those with intellectual disability May be life-threatening if it continues into adolescence

Answer 15

Characterized by refusal to maintain minimally typical body weight, intense fear of gaining weight, and significant disturbance in perception and experiences of body size DSM-5-TR subtypes Restricting type: individual loses weight through diet, fasting, or excessive exercise Binge-eating/purging type

Answer 16

Much more common than anorexia Primary feature is recurrent binge eating Binge is an episode of overeating that must involve An objectively large amount of food Lack of control over what or how much food is eaten Followed by compensatory behaviors: purging or non-purging Medical consequences are severe, but not as severe as consequences resulting from anorexia

Answer 17

Has become increasingly widespread during this age of abundant fast food and obesity Similar to bulimia without the compensatory behaviors Involves periods of eating more than other people would, accompanied by feeling of loss of control Affects 1.5% to 3% of adolescents Has negative health correlates Those with BED are often above average weight

Answer 18

Relationship between sexual orientation and eating disorders has attracted increasing attention from researchers Gay men appear to be At greater risk for behavioral symptoms of eating disorders than heterosexual men More susceptible than heterosexual men to media images promoting thinness More likely than heterosexual men to experience poor body image and body dissatisfaction and symptoms of related eating disorders

Answer 19

Anorexia occurs around the world, although it may manifest differently Bulimia is a culture-bound syndrome Arising predominately in Western regions of the world Higher SES for women was considered a risk factor in the past Upon reaching a certain level of affluence, the association between high SES and eating disorders may no longer exist

Answer 20

Single best predictor or risk for developing an eating disorder is being an adolescent female Biological dimension: may contribute to the maintenance of the disorder Genetic and constitutional factors: eating disorders run in families Neurobiological factors Imbalances of serotonin, which regulates hunger and appetite, may be implicated Biochemical similarities have been found between people with eating disorders and those with OCD

Answer 21

Social dimension Features of contemporary Western culture may be implicated in eating disorders Sociocultural factors Western culture self-worth, happiness, and success are determined primarily by physical appearance Teenage girls: weight loss and being skinny are more important than many other issues Mass media influences perceptions of body dissatisfaction

Answer 22

Teen’s eating disorder may be functional Directing attention away from basic family conflicts Family processes may contribute to an overemphasis on weight and dietary control Child sexual abuse may be a risk factor for eating disorders, especially bulimia General risk factor for psychopathology, rather than specific risk factor for eating disorders

Answer 23

Family therapy and individual therapy Cognitive–behavioral therapy and interpersonal psychotherapy, Cognitive training and dialectical behavioral therapy More recently, virtual or telehealth-based practices Behavioral family-based treatment modalities (FBT) for both adolescent anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa met well established treatment criteria CBT was the most effective treatment Especially for bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder and the night eating syndrome For anorexia nervosa, the family approach showed greater effectiveness Pharmacological treatments Gaining recognition for assistance in the management of eating disorders Family involvement often is necessary and practical

Answer 24

The ability to coordinate one’s focus of attention on another person and an object of mutual interest

Answer 25

a step-by-step approach that first increases the child’s vocalizations and then teaches imitation of sounds and words, the meanings of words, labeling objects, making verbal requests, and expressing desires

Answer 26

The cognition and understanding of mental states that cannot be observed directly, such as beliefs and desires, both in one’s self and in others. Also referred to as mentalization.

Test 3 Flashcards

(50 cards)