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Christianity > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Age of Orthodoxy: (1600-1725)

A

The period in Christian history characterized by the continuity with the apostolic church, liturgy, and territorial churches that adheres to Eastern Orthodoxy’s following the faith and practices defined by the first seven ecumenical councils
The Dutch Republic/The Dutch theologians make a theology who is an antagonist of Calvinism

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2
Q

Jacob Arminus: (1560-1609)

A

Father of Arminianism–a theological position which challenges Calvinism, especially predestination

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3
Q

Synod of Dort: 1618

A

A national and international assembly of the Reformed Church that was held to settle the controversy caused by the rise of Arminianism, which rejected the strict Calvinist doctrine of predestination

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4
Q

30 Years War: (1618-1648)

A

Era of religious violence on the international level where the Roman Catholic attempt to push against Protestantism and Calvinism

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5
Q

Peace of Westphalia: 1648

A

A collective name for two peace treaties that ended the Thirty Years’ War in the Holy Roman Empire and the Eighty Years’ War between Spain and the Dutch Republic
The treaties are notable for their role in establishing the concept of sovereign states and laying the foundations for modern international relations

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6
Q

Louis XIV: (1638-1715)

A

King of France who wanted to go to war to expand territory and wanting peace with England. Was heavily Catholic and wanted to re-establish Catholicism as the leading religion

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7
Q

Absolute Monarchy: (16th-17th C)

A

A form of government where the monarch holds unlimited power and rules in their own right

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8
Q

Parliament

A

The supreme legislative assembly in England. Parliament tried to pass laws that a ruler can’t be a Catholic–James II was a Catholic–but it fails

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9
Q

King James Bible (1611)

A

King James II decided that people were right about changing the English Bible and turned it over to the bishops: King James’ version is born (1611)

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10
Q

Puritanism: (Elizabethan Puritanism)

A

A religious reform movement in the late 16th and 17th centuries that aimed to “purify” the Church of England from Roman Catholic practices

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11
Q

Prophesyings Controversy

A

Protestant don’t want preachers who just read sermons and the Archbishop of Canterbury was on their side

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12
Q

Westminster: (1663-1667)

A

A meeting that called into question the religious details of England that was during the end of the civil war and came up with the Westminster Documents. Officialized Double predestination. No work on Sunday. Sacraments are holy symbols. Baptize babies, Reformed Christians

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13
Q

Confession:

A

You have to cleanse yourself from sins by confessing them

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14
Q

Presbyterians: 16th C

A

A Scottish version of Protestant Christianity known for its distinctive form of church government by representative assemblies of elders that typically emphasizes the sovereignty of God, the authority of the Scriptures, and the necessity of grace through faith in Christ

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15
Q

Congregationalists: 17th C

A

A type of Protestant Christian that is characterized by the belief that each congregation should govern itself independently and emphasizes the right and responsibility of each congregation to determine its own affairs, advocating for the sovereignty of God and the priesthood of all believers

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16
Q

Baptists (1660s)

A

Baptists are a Christian denomination known for their belief in the authority of the Bible, the autonomy of local churches, the priesthood of all believers, and baptism for only adults

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17
Q

George Fox (1624-1691)

A

Founded the Quakers and was known for establishing a Christian movement that rejected established church practices and promoted spiritual equality and social reform

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18
Q

Quakers

A

Quakers, also known as the Religious Society of Friends, are a Christian group that emphasizes direct personal experience of God within one’s soul. They are known for their commitment to pacifism, social equality, and simplicity in worship without a formal clergy

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19
Q

John Locke (1632-1704)

A

English philosopher who laid the groundwork for the Enlightenment and contributed significantly to the development of liberalism

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20
Q

Enlightenment (18th C)

A

A movement of the 18th C to see the establishment of a new world view of understanding the world and the place of humans in the world in the way of science to explain things over religion

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21
Q

Rationalism

A

Rationalism is a philosophical doctrine that emphasizes reason as the primary source of knowledge and holds that certain truths are innate and can be grasped through intellectual intuition

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22
Q

Deism

A

Deism is the belief in a single creator god who does exist, but after creating the universe, does not intervene in it, relying instead on natural laws and reason

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23
Q

Galileo (1564-1642)

A

An Italian astronomer, physicist, and mathematician who made pioneering contributions to the sciences, including the use of a telescope to study the skies, and supported the heliocentric theory which places the Sun at the center of the solar system

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24
Q

Descartes (1596-1650)

A

A French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist who is often referred to as the “Father of Modern Philosophy.” He is best known for his philosophical statement “Cogito, ergo sum” (“I think, therefore I am”) and his contributions to the development of rationalism

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25
Q

Voltaire (1694-1778)

A

A French Enlightenment writer, historian, and philosopher famous for his wit, his criticism of Christianity, especially the Roman Catholic Church, and his advocacy of freedom of speech, separation of church and state, and civil liberties

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26
Q

David Hume (1711-1776)

A

A Scottish philosopher, historian, economist, and essayist, renowned for his influential ideas in philosophical empiricism and skepticism

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27
Q

William Paley (1743-1805)

A

An English clergyman and philosopher best known for his arguments for the existence of God, particularly the watchmaker analogy. He posited that just as a watch’s complex design necessitates a designer, so too does the complexity of the universe point to a divine creator

28
Q

Higher Criticism

A

Higher Criticism, also known as historical criticism, is a scholarly approach to studying biblical texts. It seeks to understand the origins, context, and purpose of the texts by examining factors such as authorship, date of composition, and literary structure

29
Q

G. E. Lessing (1729-1781)

A

A German philosopher, dramatist, publicist, and art critic, and a key figure of the Enlightenment era

30
Q

Methodism (18th C)

A

Methodism is a Protestant religious movement that originated with John Wesley in the 18th century. It emphasizes the power of the Holy Spirit, the need for a personal relationship with God, simplicity of worship, and concern for the underprivileged

31
Q

Wesley, John (1703–1791)

A

An Anglican clergyman, evangelist, and a key figure in the founding of Methodism

32
Q

Edwards, Jonathan (1703-1758)

A

A prominent theologian and philosopher of British American Puritanism, known for his fiery sermons during the Great Awakening, a religious revival in colonial America

33
Q

Great Awakening (1720-1740)

A

A significant religious revival in the British American colonies as a part of a broader movement that affected parts of Europe and contributed to the development of evangelical Calvinism

34
Q

Second Great Awakening (1795-1835)

A

The Second Great Awakening was a Protestant religious revival in the United States, marked by increased church membership and moral reforms such as the temperance movement

35
Q

Dwight Moody (1837-1899)

A

An influential American evangelist and publisher who founded the Moody Church, Moody Bible Institute, and Moody Publishers

36
Q

Romanticism (Late 18th C)

A

An artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe towards the end of the 18th century, characterized by an emphasis on emotion, individualism, and the glorification of all the past and nature, and preferring the medieval rather than the classical

37
Q

Pius IX (1792-1878)

A

His papacy, the second longest in history, was marked by the convocation of the First Vatican Council and the loss of the Papal States to the Kingdom of Italy

38
Q

Immaculate Conception (1854)

A

The Immaculate Conception is the Catholic doctrine that the Virgin Mary was free from original sin from the moment of her conception, a belief defined as dogma by Pope Pius IX

39
Q

1st Vatican Council (1869-1870)

A

The First Vatican Council, convened by Pope Pius IX, aimed to define Catholic doctrine regarding the Church of Christ and is noted for its declaration of papal infallibility

40
Q

Papal infallibility

A

Papal infallibility that states the Pope, under specific conditions, can declare doctrines concerning faith or morals to be held by the whole Church, free from error

41
Q

2nd Vatican Council (1962-1965)

A

Convened by Pope John XXIII and marked a significant effort to modernize Church practices and addressed relations between the Catholic Church and the modern world

42
Q

John XXIII (1881–1963)

A

Is renowned for convening the Second Vatican Council, which introduced significant reforms in the Church, and for his efforts towards modernizing Church practices

43
Q

Oxford Movement (19th C)

A

A movement within the Church of England that aimed to restore traditional catholic practices and beliefs in opposition to the church’s Protestant tendencies

44
Q

Newman, John Henry (1801-1890)

A

A English theologian, academic, philosopher, historian, writer, and poet, who initially served as an Anglican priest and later converted to Catholicism, becoming a cardinal and an influential figure in the religious history of England in the 19th century

45
Q

Liberalism (19th C)

A

Liberal Christianity, also known as liberal theology, is a movement that reinterprets traditional Christian teachings by incorporating modern knowledge, science, and ethics

46
Q

Schleiermacher, F. D. E. (1768-1834)

A

A German theologian and philosopher known for his efforts to reconcile Enlightenment criticisms with traditional Protestantism, and liberal theology

47
Q

Harnack, Adolf von (1851- 1930)

A

A German Lutheran theologian and church historian who critically examined the Christian tradition, advocated for a return to the early Christian church’s teachings, and was influential in the development of modern theology

48
Q

Darwin, Charles (1809-1882)

A

An English naturalist whose theory of evolution by natural selection became the foundation of modern evolutionary studies

49
Q

Marx, Karl (1818-1883)

A

A German philosopher and economist who co-authored “The Communist Manifesto” and discussed matter, the Big Bang Theory, and how religion is all from political and social structure

50
Q

Social Gospel (1870-1920)

A

A religious social reform movement in the United States to apply Christian ethics to social problems, advocating for the betterment of society through the biblical principles of charity and justice, and sought both social and individual salvation

51
Q

Rauschenbusch, Walter (1861-1918)

A

An American theologian and Baptist pastor who led the Social Gospel movement who demanded repentance for social sins, and faith for a new social order by reinterpreting Christianity to fit into modern day ideals

52
Q

Carey, William (1761-1834)

A

An English Baptist missionary and known as the “father of modern missions,” founded the English Baptist Missionary Society, and translated the Bible into several Indian languages

53
Q

Judson, Adoniram (1788-1850)

A

An American Congregationalist and later Particular Baptist missionary who dedicated nearly 40 years of his life to missionary work in Burma, translating the Bible into Burmese and establishing Baptist churches there

54
Q

Ecumenical Movement (Late 19th C)

A

A significant effort within Christianity that seeks to foster unity and cooperation among different Christian denominations. It aims to overcome historical divisions by emphasizing the universality of the Christian faith and working towards the unity of churches

55
Q

World Council of Churches (1948)

A

A global Christian ecumenical organization that aims to promote unity and cooperation among Christian denominations worldwide

56
Q

United Church of Christ (1957)

A

A mainline Protestant denomination in the United States, known for its liberal theology and social action

57
Q

Neo-Orthodoxy (20th C)

A

Theology of crisis or dialectical theology, was a movement that emerged as a reaction against the liberal theology. It sought to reevaluate the teachings of the Reformation and emphasized the revelation of God by God as the source of Christian doctrine

58
Q

Barth, Karl (1886-1962)

A

A Swiss theologian who, through his influential writings, notably the multi-volume “Church Dogmatics,” profoundly impacted Protestant theology with his emphasis on the sovereignty and grace of God, and his rejection of liberal theological trends

59
Q

Bultmann, Rudolf (1884-1976)

A

A German Lutheran theologian and New Testament scholar known for his program to “demythologize” the New Testament

60
Q

Bonhoeffer, Dietrich (1906-1945)

A

A German Protestant theologian and anti-Nazi dissident, known for his influential writings on Christianity’s role in the secular world and his involvement in a plot to overthrow Adolf Hitler

61
Q

Fundamentalism

A

Fundamentalism is a type of conservative religious movement characterized by the advocacy of strict conformity to sacred texts and usually refers to American Protestants who insisted on the inerrancy of the Bible

62
Q

Machen, J. Gresham (1881-1937)

A

An American Presbyterian theologian and New Testament scholar, known for founding Westminster Theological Seminary and the Orthodox Presbyterian Church, and for his opposition to modernist theology

63
Q

Henry, Carl

A

An American evangelical Christian theologian who played a pivotal role in shaping the neo-evangelical movement, emphasizing the need for intellectual engagement and social action within evangelicalism

64
Q

Billy Graham (1918-2018)

A

A Preacher of Christianity of large groups in America via television and radio shows and also known as the “Great revivalist”

65
Q

C. S. Lewis (1898-1963)

A

An Irish-born British scholar, novelist, and author of about 40 books, many on Christian apologetics and is also known for The Chronicles of Narnia

Christianity (3 decks)

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