test 3

Question 1

the sum of all structural and regulatory genes is the cells …

Answer 1

genotype

Question 2

what effects the expression of genome

Answer 2

environment

Question 3

what are the expressed characteristics of the cell

Answer 3

phenotype

Question 4

what permanently change the nucleotide sequence and therefore the DNA genome

Answer 4

mutations

Question 5

how do mutations affect the cell

Answer 5

by changing the codons amino acids and therefore the resulting protein

Question 6

what are the three types of mutations

Answer 6

base substitutions, deletions, or additions

Question 7

what does the effect of the mutation depend on

Answer 7

the location of the mutation in the gene and resulting protein

Question 8

what mutation usually happens during replication

Answer 8

base substitution

Question 9

what happens when base substitution happens

Answer 9

the hydrogen bonds get mixed up and the wrong base is inserted resulting in a wrong amino acid, unless the substitution trades one codon for a redundant one

Question 10

what happens during addition or deletion

Answer 10

removal or addition of nucleotides, called frame-shift mutations, causes a shift in the ribosome reading frame changing the resulting amino acid sequence from the point of the mutation

Question 11

when do mutations happen

Answer 11

DNA replication

Question 12

what increases the rate of spontaneous mutation by damaging the DNA

Answer 12

mutagens

Question 13

what do mutagens cause

Answer 13

genetic defects but can also be used for cancer chemotherapy

Question 14

types of mutagens

Answer 14

chemical, base analogs, intercalating agents, ultraviolet radiation

Question 15

chemicals as mutagens

Answer 15

damage nucleotide bases including nitrous acid and alkylating agents

Question 16

base analogs

Answer 16

DNA polymerase things it is a nucleotide but it isn’t it changes the codon

Question 17

intercalating agents

Answer 17

chemicals insert into the DNA between the bases causing base additions (ethidium bromide)

Question 18

what does ultraviolet radiation cause

Answer 18

thymine dimers

Question 19

what are thymine dimers associated with

Answer 19

skin cancer and is most common in skin that is exposed to sun

Question 20

what repairs thymine dimers

Answer 20

enzymes that uses light energy

Question 21

what finds damaged DNA, cuts it out and repairs it

Answer 21

proofreading and mismatch repaid enzymes

Question 22

what allows a cell to skip a damaged section without stopping replication and transcription

Answer 22

an SOS system

Question 23

what will the cells in a bacterial population show due to non-lethal mutations

Answer 23

genetic diversity

Question 24

across a population, some nutations may improve adaptation to the environment and cause what

Answer 24

evolution

Question 25

does DNA always stay on the circular bacterial chromosome

Answer 25

no

Question 26

if new DNA is inserted into a recipient cells chromosome and it works what is it called

Answer 26

recombination

Question 27

naked DNA in the medium can be sucked up by bacterial and integrated into the genome

Answer 27

transformation

Question 28

bacterial viruses can pick up bacteria DNA and transfer it to newly infected bacterial cells

Answer 28

transduction

Question 29

related bacterial cells can transfer DNA through a pilus if their are touching

Answer 29

conjugation

Question 30

bacterial often contain small circles of extrachromosomal DNA

Answer 30

plasmids

Question 31

characteristics of plasmids

Answer 31

replicate independently can recombine with the chromosome and pop back out vary in size from a few to many genes

Question 32

what can be transferred between bacteria through conjugation

Answer 32

plasmids

Question 33

what often contain optional genes like antibiotic resistance genes

Answer 33

plasmids

Question 34

DNA transfer

Answer 34

creates new genetic information in the recipient often moves related genes together as a set occurs often in mixed microbial environments

Question 35

what involves using microbiology and biochemistry techniques to solve problems and produce products

Answer 35

biotechnology

Question 36

what involves manipulating genes to produce the product you want

Answer 36

manipulating genes

Question 37

the science of the classification of organisms into related groups

Answer 37

taxonomy

Question 38

what are prokaryotes classified by

Answer 38

rRNA sequence

Question 39

cells cannot be grouped by phenotypes

Answer 39

because they are actually generically far apart

Question 40

molecular taxonomy is sometimes not useful because

Answer 40

sometimes bacteria in the same family, genus or species have few but important phenotypes if there are important differences in groups within a species, we call them different strains

Question 41

bergeys manual

Answer 41

first edition in 1923 classified bacteria into 19 groups or classes based on shape, gram reaction, oxygen requirements

Question 42

phylogeny

Answer 42

evolutionary origin

Question 43

what determines the genetic sequence of a group of related miroorganism and can be used to try to deduce which organism may have come from another or from a common ancestor by the similarity of their nucleotide sequences

Answer 43

phylogeny

Question 44

phenotypic characteristics

Answer 44

the larger the number of features you include, the more accurate your classification some relate to presence of absence of a single enzyme, some relate to whole metabolic pathways

Question 45

molecular taxonomy

Answer 45

everything that a cell does goes back to its DNA, compare the DNA or rRNA directly - determine the nucleotide sequence, compare with other strians - includes all the similarities and differences

Question 46

what is the ratio of G/C pairs to total base pairs

Answer 46

GC content

Question 47

taking a single stranded DNA from the two organisms, allow them to stick together the closer the relatedness, them more bases are complementary and the more thermal stability

Answer 47

nucleic acid hybridization

Question 48

diagnostic clinical microbiology

Answer 48

the goal is to identify potentially pathogenic bacteria from a patient specimen to species

Question 49

direct specimen tests

Answer 49

-rapid phenotypic information

Question 50

differential stains

Answer 50

gram stains, acid fast stain tell cell wall structure

Question 51

fluorescent antibody stains

Answer 51

tell surface antigens

Question 52

primary culture

Answer 52

inoculate specimen onto a selective and differential primary media colony growth and appearance gives presumptive information and semi-quantity

Question 53

biochemical tests

Answer 53

-take single colonies from the primary media, inoculate tests for biochemical reactions -measure the cells metabolic pathways by including a substrate looking for end products -often a visible color change based on pH

Question 54

catalase

Answer 54

expose a peroxide the enzyme releases oxygen bubbles

Question 55

sugar fermentation

Answer 55

pH turns acid with or without gas

Question 56

urease production

Answer 56

pH turns alkaline

Question 57

serologic tests

Answer 57

fluorescent antibody reagents partical agglutination

Question 58

phage typing

Answer 58

bacteriophages are viruses that kill certain bacteria like antibiotics test a bacterial isolate against a panel of phages

Question 59

antibiogram

Answer 59

bacterial strains within a species differ in their susceptibility to antibiotics