test 3

Question 1

descriptive stats are…

Answer 1

statistics used to organize/summarize info

Question 2

inferential stats

Answer 2

tests that allow researcher to make inferences about some unknown aspect of population

Question 3

statistical inference

Answer 3

provides tools to assess reliability of inferences made about population

Question 4

central tendency is a…

Answer 4

descriptive stat

Question 4

central tendency measures…

Answer 4

the center score in group of data (mean, median, mode)

Question 5

mean

Answer 5

sum of all values in group divided by number of values group

Question 6

median

Answer 6

midpoint in set of scores / use when there are extreme scores

Question 7

mode

Answer 7

value that occurs most frequently

Question 7

use mode when…

Answer 7

data is categorical

Question 8

use mean when…

Answer 8

data has no extremes or categorical data

Question 8

variability is…

Answer 8

how different each score is from the mean score (range, standard deviation, variance)

Question 9

variability is measure of how much each score differs from the..

Answer 9

mean

Question 10

range is…

Answer 10

difference between largest and smallest scores

Question 11

standard deviation is…

Answer 11

average distance from mean

Question 12

variance is…

Answer 12

standard deviation squared

Question 13

what type of skewness are there

Answer 13

positive and negative

Question 14

continuous iv + continuous dv (analysis method)

Answer 14

correlation

Question 14

descriptive stats used for measuring…

Answer 14

frequencies

Question 15

continuous iv + categorical dv (analysis method)

Answer 15

logistic regression

Question 16

categorical iv + continuous dv (analysis method)

Answer 16

t-test/anova

Question 16

chi square test compares…

Answer 16

observed frequencies with frequencies we expect under the null hypothesis

Question 17

categorical iv + categorical dv (analysis method)

Answer 17

chi-square

Question 18

(observed-expected)2 / expected

Answer 18

chi square formula

Question 19

how can you tell if the chi square stat is significant?

Answer 19

greater difference between observed and expected frequencies lead to greater chi square

Question 20

how to calc degrees of freedom?

Answer 20

(rows-1) x (column-1)

Question 21

if chi square is > than critical value...

Answer 21

relationship is significant

Question 22

phi and cramer's v tell us...

Answer 22

the degree of difference between our variables

Question 23

phi is used for

Answer 23

2x2

Question 24

Cramer's v is used for larger than

Answer 24

2x2

Question 25

weak relationship if phi and cramer's v is

Answer 25

less than .10

Question 26

moderate relationship if phi and cramer's v is

Answer 26

between .10 and .25

Question 27

strong relationship if phi and cramer's v is

Answer 27

greater than .25

Question 28

most elementary method for comparing two+ groups mean scores

Answer 28

t-test

Question 29

independent t-test

Answer 29

comparing means of 2 nominal (categorical) groups

Question 30

paired t-test

Answer 30

comparing means of 2 variables, comparing mean of variable at 2 points in time (one group)

Question 31

to conduct a t-test, you need

Answer 31

means, # of units in each group, standard deviation, degrees of freedom

Question 32

the further apart the means are…

Answer 32

the more confident we are the group means are different

Question 33

knowing what the ___ is very important and .05 value indicates significance

Answer 33

p-value; .05

Question 34

when looking at significance on charts, look at…

Answer 34

sig. (2-tailed)

Question 35

three ways to check for significance

Answer 35

1. compare t-value to critical value (t-value should be greater than crit val) 2. look at significance value (less than .05) 3. look at confidence interval (sig if doesn’t cross 0)

Question 36

what can anova test be used for?

Answer 36

can be used to simultaneously investigate multiple levels of independent variables (ex: political orientation)

Question 37

__- way anova refers to

Answer 37

# of iv’s

Question 38

__- way anova refers to

Answer 38

# of iv’s

Question 39

if the F statistic is large, the difference is…

Answer 39

greater and more significant

Question 40

can look at the ___ subsets (groups that are same as each other) to make things easier

Answer 40

homogenous

Question 41

correlation determines the degree to which…

Answer 41

two ordinal, interval, or ratio variables are associated

Question 42

correlation coefficient may take value between

Answer 42

-1.00 and 1.00

Question 43

direction of a correlation coefficient indicated by…

Answer 43

positive and negative

Question 44

magnitude of a correlation coefficient indicated by

Answer 44

1 (perfect correlation) and 0 (no relationship)

Question 45

r is the correlation formula indicates…

Answer 45

average product of all pairs of z-scores

Question 46

large sample size, r __ and small sample size, r __

Answer 46

goes down / goes up

Question 47

regression is..

Answer 47

stat technique that relates a dv to one+ iv

Question 48

when you want to summarize strength + degree of relationship btwn two+ numeric variables

Answer 48

use correlation

Question 49

when looking to predict, optimize, explain # response btwn numeric variables (how x affects y)

Answer 49

use regression

Question 50

this regression uses one iv to explain outcome of dv

Answer 50

simple linear regression

Question 51

this regression uses two+ iv to predict outcome

Answer 51

multiple linear

Question 52

logistic regression used for

Answer 52

categorical outcome variables (iv can be cont, categ, mix of both)

Question 53

error term is…

Answer 53

residual variable that accounts for lack of relationship btwn iv and dv