Test 3 Flashcards
(47 cards)
What are Intra-specific interactions?
interactions between individuals of the same species
What are Inter-specific interactions?
interactions between individuals of different species
What are parasitoids?
parasitoids consume the living tissues of the other species, eventually killing them
Are population sizes regulated by what they eat, or by
who eats them?
Both! Their populations are impacted by both bottom-up and top-down control
What is an example of predators limiting prey populations
snakes being introduced to Guam leading to the extinction and decline of many bird species
What is an example of herbivores limiting producer populations?
The cactus worm significantly impacting effected cactus populations
What is biological control?
reducing “pest” populations by intentional introduction of their consumer
What is the story of cane toads?
Cane toads were introduced by colonists of Australia to control native beetles that attack sugar cane crops. However, the toxins the toad excretes kills most predators. It also failed to control the beetle population
What is a trophic cascade?
Effects of predators propagate downward through food chains; the sign of the effect alternates at each lower level between positive and negative
What are the different types of evolutionary defenses?
Behavior, Crypsis (camouflage), Structural (thorns, tougher scales), chemical, and mimicry
What are the 4 Intra-specific interactions?
Cooperation, selfishness, altruism, and spitefulness
Predator-prey cycles are internally-generated by the effects of?
- resource populations on consumer populations
- consumer populations on resource populations
What is the Lotka-Volterra model?
The model of predator-prey interactions that was based on oscillating chemical reactions
What is the prey portion of the Lotka-Volterra model and what does each portion mean?
dN/dt = rN − cNP, the rN portion is the additions with r being the intrinsic growth rate of prey and N being the prey population. the cNP portion is the removals with c being the capture rate and NP being prey pop * predator pop to get the encounter rate
What is the predator portion of the Lotka-Volterra model and what does each portion mean?
dP/dt = acNP − mP, the acNP portion is the additions with cNP being the removal rate for prey and a being the conversion efficiency (<1). The mP portion is the removals with m being the morality rate for predators
When is the prey population increasing and decreasing in the isocline?
The prey isocline increases when the predator population is below the joint equilibrium point (JEP) and decreasing when it is above the JEP
When is the predator population increasing and decreasing in the isocline?
The predator isocline increases when the prey population is above the joint equilibrium point (JEP) and decreasing when it is below the JEP
What is a type 1 functional response?
Predator’s rate of prey consumption increases linearly with prey density until satiation
What is a type 2 functional response?
Predator’s rate of prey consumption increases linearly, but begins to slow as prey density increases (found in species with high handling time)
what is a type 3 functional response?
Predator’s rate of prey consumption is low, then rapid, then slowing under low, moderate, and high prey densities
What is a numerical response?
an increase in predator density through population growth or migration (predators migrating to an area with more prey)
What is an vector?
an organism that parasites use to disperse from one host to a new host
What is horizontal transmission?
When hosts transmit parasites to non-offspring (think covid spreading from person to person)
What is vertical transmission?
When parents transmit parasites to their offspring (literally just STDs)
