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Test 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is bulimia nervosa

A

Binge
Thoughts of uncontrolled overeating

Results in: vomiting, fasting

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2
Q

Prevalence bulimia

A

Most of the time women, 90-95%
Peak age 15-21y
Number of binges on average 10 per week

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3
Q

Binges (feelings n after)

A

Feeling of tension, powerlessness

After: extreme blame, guilt, depression, fear of weight gain

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4
Q

Medical complications of bulimia

A

Decay of tooth enamel
Cavities
Abdominal pain
Stress on internal organs
Dependence on laxatives
No period

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5
Q

What is it Anorexia nervosa

A

Intense fear of gaining weight
Distorted body image
Extreme weight loss

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6
Q

Treatment Anorexia
Initial aim and most common hospitalized techniques (2)
Necessary weight gain time

A

Restore proper weight/eating
Maybe hospitalized: supportive nursing care, high calorie diets
Necessary weight gain achieved after 8-12 weeks

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7
Q

Treatment anorexia
Behavioural

A

Monitor feelings, hunger, eating behaviours

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8
Q

Treatment anorexia
Cognitive

A

Build autonomy/self awareness
Recognize need for control
Correct cognitive distortions

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9
Q

Treatment anorexia
Family therapy

A

Separation, boundaries

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10
Q

Anorexia struggle %

A

20% struggle for years

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11
Q

Causes of eating disorders
Psychodynamic

A

Disturbed mother-child interactions (ego deficiencies)

Child unaware of own needs
-> so turn to someone/smth to tell you you’re hungry

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12
Q

Causes of eating disorders
Cognitive

A

Dysfunctional beliefs about self/body image
Black&white thinking

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13
Q

Causes of eating disorders
Behavioural

A

Rewarded by losing weight
Relieves anxiety

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14
Q

Causes of eating disorders
Biological factors

A

*Genetic predisposition
-> relative more likely to develop ED

*Serotonin-Regulates mood & appetite
->low levels of serotonin found in anorexia ppl
->women who have recovered have higher serotonin levels

*Hypothalamus dysfunction

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15
Q

Causes of eating disorders
Societal pressures

A

Standards of female attractiveness
Socially accepted prejudice against fat ppl

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16
Q

Causes of eating disorders
Sociocultural pressures

A

Role of media

More male: 5-10%
Job linked (like models, body builders, swimmers)
Reverse anorexia (biggorexia)
Obsessed with muscle
-> abuse steroids
Don’t want to be skinny
->want to be strong

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17
Q

Causes of eating disorder
Family pressures

A

Communication patterns
->overinvolvement of parents->poor ego boundaries

Values
->perfectionism

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18
Q

Tx Bulimia
Initial aim

A

Eliminate binge-purge pattern
Eliminate underlying cause
Education (teach, spread info on it)

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19
Q

Tx bulimia
Behavioural

A

Diaries, exposure, response prevention

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20
Q

Tx bulimia
Cognitive

A

Change in attitude, challenge thoughts that trigger binges

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21
Q

Tx bulimia
If all tx ineffective, do:
(Steps)

A

Interpersonal tx (IPT)
1. Role disputes
2. Role transitions
3. Unresolved grief
4. Interpersonal deficits

Basically, improve relationships/communications to help w mental health

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22
Q

Tx bulimia
(3)

A

Psychodynamic therapy
Family/group therapy
Self help groups or self care manuals

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23
Q

Tx bulimia
Antidepressants meds

A

SSRI (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor)
Helps 25-40% patients
Works best with psychotherapy

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24
Q

Bulimia if treated/not

A

Not: Lasts several years
Treated: improvement in 40% of cases

BUT relapse common: stress triggers

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25
Substance disorder Film clip 3 kids
Patients w schizo smoked marijuana Tyler: smoked->heard voices Melanie: addiction to weed->became manic Ben: “”->saw demons, heard voices
26
How weed affects u depends on ur genes..2
COMT->regulates dopamine levels Met COMT Val COMT
27
DSM-5 substance addiction:
Pattern of maladaptive behaviours and reaction from repeated use of substance ->physical dependence (unfonctionable without it) ->tolerance (needs higher dose to feel) ->withdrawal reactions (sluggish, depressed, hangover)
28
Prevalance substance abuse Alc Can
Rewarding so keeps using it Alcohol: 20-24y more likely (likely to report harm due to alcohol use) Cannabis: use increased from 15% to 21% Men more likely to use than women
29
Types of drugs (name them)
Depressants Stimulants Hallucinogens
30
Type of drugs Depressants Describe, top3, negative effects
Slows activity in CNS 3 top ones Alcohol Opioids Sedative drugs Ex. Alcohol increases GABA (relaxation) Negative affects: societal, physical, health costs Impacts memory, fetal alcohol syndrome Death
31
Type of drugs Stimulants Explain, top3, negative effects
Increases CNS activity Top3: cocaine, amphetamine, caffeine, nicotine Ex: cocaine increases dopamine (a rush) Negative effects: mania, paranoia, psychosis, post cocaine depression, death
32
Type of drugs Hallucinogens Describe, top3, negative effects
Hallucinations, sensory changes Top3: LSD, cannabis, acid Ex: cannabis high in THC causes hallucinations Negative effects: memory problems, anxiety, suspicion, accidents, psychosis
33
Substance abuse Theoretical perspectives Sociocultural view
Stressful socioeconomic conditions (poverty effect) Develops in families/environment where substance is valued/accepted
34
Substance abuse Theoretical perspectives Psychodynamic view
Lacks of parental nurturing which leads to developing addictive personality ID too powerful (i want what i want idc abt conseq) People use drugs to feel better (self medicating) Ex. Someone w anxiety drinks to endure social situations
35
Substance abuse Theoretical perspectives Cognitive behavioural view
Operant conditioning: drugs reduce tension (rewarding) so do more of it! Expect to feel good/do it when feeling bad Classical conditioning: conditioned stimulus present during drug taking to produce craving
36
Substance abuse Theoretical perspectives Biological view
Genetic predisposition (research w animals) ->if parents like it, child likes it Adoption studies: children’s alcohol use more similar to biological parents Could be to dopamine (D2) receptors
37
Substance abuse Theoretical perspectives Biochemistry
Drugs activate pleasure in brain (reward system) ->happens in medial forebrain bunde
38
2 competing theories: Biological view Name and describe
Incentive sensitization theory: After chronic use of drugs/alcohol, reward system becomes hypersensitive Reward deficiency syndrome: reward system doesn’t respond normally (D2 not functioning) to normal pleasurable life events so to compensate w drugs/alcohol especially when stressed
39
Substance abuse Psychodynamic treatment
Unconscious needs/conflicts: talk about it in therapy Not well supported/may be harmful->stresses client more
40
Substance abuse Behavioural treatment
Aversion therapy: Based on classical conditioning principle Ex. Showing a gay man naked men if erected-> electro shock Most commonly applied to alcoholism Covert sensitization: negative mental image when thinking of alcohol
41
Substance abuse Cognitive behavioural tx
Identify/change patterns/thoughts contributing to substance misuse Relapse prevention training: Gain control over substance related behaviours
42
Substance abuse Process of relapse 5 steps Ex. Alcohol
1. Activating stimuli 2. Drinking thinking 3. Facilitating beliefs 4. Fantasising/planning 5. Taking action (relapse)
43
Substance abuse Preventing relapse 5 steps Ex. Alcohol
1. Seek safe situations 2. Control drinking thoughts 3. Control beliefs 4. Deny permission 5. Take alternative action (resist)
44
Substance abuse Biological treatment 2 types of addiction meds
Drug withdrawal and detox ->treat w antidepressants (especially w alcohol n cocaine) Alcohol addiction meds -> naltrexone: blocks alcohol effect, reduces cravings, injection once a month: if drink, causes nausea/vomiting Heroin/opiode addiction meds ->methadone, buprenorphine: suppress cravings/withdrawal symptoms Best in combo Works in short term
45
Substance abuse Sociocultural treatment
Most common: AA But it may worsen matters
46
Behavioural addictions
Gambling, shopping, sex, internet etc Many features similar to drug/alcohol abuse: Preoccupation: thinking about it a lot Worsened by stress Go thru withdrawal Depression, anxiety if can’t do it
47
Personality disorders Personality definition Normal and disordered
Unique and long term pattern Consistent Healthy people: personality is flexible, able to adapt Personality disorders: inflexible Rigid pattern: affects emotions, relationships, behaviours and perceptions
48
Personality disorders Prevalance
Can get worse after experiencing loss Symptoms relatively stable over time Very difficult to treat
49
Personality disorder Classifying PDs Name them
1. Cluster A (odd) 2. Cluster B (dramatic) 3. Cluster C (anxious)
50
Odd personality disorders (cluster A)
Display behaviours similar to schizophrenia Rarely seek treatment
51
Personality disorders Cluster A (odd) 3 types Name them
Paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal
52
Paranoid (cluster A)
Deep distrust/suspicion Usually not level of delusional
53
Schizoid (cluster A)
Avoids social relationships Limited emotion expression Fewer than 5% of ppl Men more likely than women
54
Schizotypal (cluster A)
Extreme discomfort in relations Odd/bizarre ways of thinking/actions Poor ability to focus Not very productive More men than women APATHY
55
Causes general Cluster A (odd) In psychodynamic: In cognitive: In biological:
Psychodynamic: Demanding/rejecting abusive parents Cognitive: Disorders/deficiencies in thinking Biological: Genetic causes, maybe too much DA
56
Treatment for Cluster A
Often forced into therapy ->distrusts/rebel against therapists Tx takes years
57
Tx Cluster A Psychodynamic
Work towards satisfying relationships
58
Tx cluster A Cognitive
Evaluate emotions perceptions
59
Tx cluster A Behavioural
Teach social skills
60
Tx cluster A Meds
Generally useless except for schizotypal (antipsychotic drugs)
61
Dramatic personality (cluster B) 4 types Name them
Behaviours: dramatic, emotional, erratic Damages personal relationships Antisocial Borderline Histrionic Narcissistic
62
Cluster B Antisocial (psychopaths/sociopaths) Explain
Disregard/violate others rights Linked to adult criminal behaviour (18+ get diagnosed) Prone to developping addictions/risky sexual/violent behaviours Impulsive 4x more in men Lack empathy End up arrested
63
Cluster B Borderline Explain
Instability in mood, self image, relationships Impulsivity Suicidal actions/threats (to manipulate others) -> fear of abandonment 70% diagnosis are women
64
Cluster B Histrionic Explain
Extreme emotions Manufacture drama bcuz: attention seeking, center of attention Need for approval/praise Self centred
65
Cluster B Narcissistic Explain
Need admiration Lack empathy Exaggerate achievements Arrogant Manipulation 18+ to be diagnosed
66
Causes of cluster B disorders Antisocial Psychodynamic Behavioural Cognitive Biological
Psychodynamic: No parental love->lack of basic trust Behavioural: Modeling/reinforcement Ex. Parent only paid attention when u misbehave Cognitive; Believe other ppls needs are unimportant Biological: Low serotonin levels/lower levels of arousal (engagement in things, takes risk, thrills)
67
Personality disorders Film clip summary Biological roots of sociopathy
Damage in lobital cortex (front part of frontal lobe) Genetic factors: all killer men had same gene missing (POMT gene) warrior gene No orbital cortex activity, no lobital cortex activity Stand off-ish characteristics in personality Impulsive Whether you have warrior gene or not, childhood context important if you become violent or not
68
Causes Cluster B Psychodynamic Biological Sociocultural Borderline
Psychodynamic: Lack of acceptance by parents (Sexual) abuse Biological Reactive amygdala+underactive prefrontal cortex Lower serotonin levels Sociocultural Unstable societies that experience rapid change
69
Causes Cluster B Psychodynamic Biological Sociocultural Histrionic
Psychodynamic: Unloved, afraid of abandonment-> so invents crises Cognitive Believe can’t care for themselves->so finds caregiver Sociocultural Society’s norms/expectations of women being emotional/unstable
70
Causes Cluster B Psychodynamic Cognitive Sociocultural Narcissistic
Psychodynamic: Rejecting parents (emotional abuse, lost parents, divorce, death) Grandiosity= in order to feel self sufficient Cognitive-behavioural: Overvalue self worth bcuz parents hold them on a pedestal Sociocultural: Linked to eras of narcissism in society-> happens historically
71
Treatment for cluster b Antisocial
No effective tx Little motivation to change->forced into tx Cognitive therapy: Moral issues, needs of others Meds dont help
72
Treatment cluster b Borderline
Improvement possible (but v difficult clients) Dialectical behaviour therapy: Relationship disturbance, poor sense of self, needs of others Meds can help, BUT high risk of suicide attempts
73
Treatment cluster B Histrionic
More likely to seek tx Difficult to work with Cognitive: Change helplessness, better problem solving Meds: not helpful, except to relieve depression in some
74
Treatment cluster B Narcissistic
VERY difficult to treat -> seek tx only due to depression bcuz others dont see how amazing they are Often manipulate therapists No tx is very successful
75
3 types of Anxious personality disorder Cluster C
Anxious/fear behaviour Research very limited 1. Avoidant 2. Dependent 3. Obsessive compulsive
76
Cluster C Avoidant
Discomfort in social situations Feelings of inadequacy Sensitive to negative evaluations Like social anxiety but instead of situations, its fear of close relationships w ppl
77
Cluster C Dependant
Excessive need to be taken care of Clingy, needy, obedient, unable to make decisions Fear of separations Depression/suicide thoughts (prone to ED)
78
Cluster C Obsessive compulsive
Preoccupation: Order, perfection and control Unreasonably high standards Superficial relationships
79
Causes Cluster C Psychodynamic Behavioural Cognitive Avoidant
Psychodynamic: Shame, anal stage fixation Cognitive: Assume always judged Behavioural: Lack social skills
80
Causes Cluster C Psychodynamic Behavioural Cognitive Dependent
Psychodynamic: Unresolved oral stage conflicts, lifelong need for nurturance Behavioural: Rewarded for clinginess and punished for independance Cognitive: 2 beliefs: helpless, must find protector
81
Causes Cluster C Psychodynamic Cognitive Obsessive compulsive
Psychodynamic: Anal regression Cognitive: cognitive distortions maintain disorder
82
Treatment cluster C Avoidant
Acceptance/affection in therapy Group tx, practice social skills Meds (anti anxiety/antidepressants)
83
Tx dependent Psychodynamic Cognitive/behavioural
Psychodynamic: similar to tx for depression Cognitive/behavioural: Target beliefs of helplessness Assertiveness training Meds can help (antidepressants) Group tx
84
Tx obsessive compulsive
Unlikely to seek tx May use psychodynamic/cognitive therapy Meds (SSRI)

Psych Disorders (4 decks)

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